Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running.

Rhodes, Justin S.; Praag, Henriette van; Jeffrey, Susan; Girard, Isabelle; Mitchell, Gordon S.; Garland, Theodore; Gage, Fred H.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.1006

Cited by 229 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Although individual performances for the entire period varied by up to 20'000 revolutions, even the animal which performed poorest (12'000 revolutions a day), may have surpassed the level necessary for a maximal induction. A ceiling level was also observed in mice selected for high levels of wheel running [50] while a correlation between neurogenesis and performance was present in control outbred Hsd:ICR mice, which typically performed at a much lower level than the C57 mice used in this study.…”

Section: Running For a Rewardmentioning

confidence: 64%

A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice

Klaus

Hauser

Slomianka

et al. 2009

Behavioural Brain Research

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A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice Klaus, F; Hauser, T; Slomianka, L; Amrein, I; Lipp, H P Klaus, F; Hauser, T; Slomianka, L; Amrein, I; Lipp, H P (2009). A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice. A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice Abstract Exercise is one of the best-known stimulators of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but it is not known if voluntary changes in the intensity of exercise are accompanied by changes in neurogenesis. In this study we investigated whether a reward influences the performance in a running wheel and the rate of cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation and cell death in C57BL/6 mice. Mice had free access to a running wheel during the first week of the experiment. In the second week, animals were rewarded for their performance and compared to normal voluntary running and control mice. A reward significantly increased the performance by 78% when compared to the non-rewarded performance of the first week.The performance of the non-rewarded runners remained relatively constant. Fourteen days of exercise significantly increased cell proliferation by 27% and the number of doublecortin immunoreactive cells by 46%. A reward and the associated increase of performance did not modulate proliferation, cell death or the number of cells entering the neuronal lineage. We suggest that, in C57BL/6 mice, either exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis to a ceiling value, which is reached by a performance at or below the level achieved by voluntary wheel running, or that a possible positive effect of increased running-wheel activity is balanced by stress resulting from rewarded running, which is no longer performed on a strictly voluntary basis. We suggest that, in C57BL/6 mice, either exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis to a ceiling value, which is reached by a performance at or below the level achieved by voluntary wheel running, or that a possible positive effect of increased is balanced by stress resulting from rewarded running, which is no longer performed on a strictly voluntary basis.

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Section: Running For a Rewardmentioning

confidence: 64%

A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice

Klaus

Hauser

Slomianka

et al. 2009

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…However, when studying mice instead of rats and applying a different learning task, others showed that the beneficial effects of an enriched environment on cognitive processes do not require an increase in neurogenesis (Meshi et al, 2006). In addition, a study using mice that were selectively bred for high levels of wheel running showed an exercise-induced increase in neurogenesis that reached a plateau level but no corresponding improvement in Morris water maze learning (Rhodes et al, 2003). Thus, additional research will be necessary to determine whether the exercise-induced enhancement of neurogenesis contributes to the positive effects of exercise on Y-maze performance.…”

Section: Exercise Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise improves memory acquisition and retrieval in the Y-maze task: Relationship with hippocampal neurogenesis.

Borght¹,

Havekes²,

Bos³

et al. 2007

Behavioral Neuroscience

200

151

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Exercise improves memory acquisition and retrieval in the Y-maze task: Relationship with hippocampal neurogenesis van der Borght, K.; Havekes, Robbert; Bos, T.; Eggen, Bartholomeus; van der Zee, Eelke University of Groningen Enhanced physical activity is associated with improvements in cognitive function in rodents as well as in humans. The authors examined in detail which aspects of learning and memory are influenced by exercise, using a spatial Y-maze test combined with a 14-day exercise paradigm at different stages of learning. The authors show that 14 days of wheel running promotes memory acquisition, memory retention, and reversal learning. The exercise paradigm that was employed also significantly increased the number of maturing neurons, suggesting that an increase in neurogenesis underlies the positive effects of exercise on Y-maze performance. Finally, the authors show that memory acquisition in itself does not have a major impact on the number of immature neurons. However, memory retention testing and reversal learning both cause a significant reduction in the number of doublecortin and Ser133-phosphorylated pCREB-positive cells, indicating that a decrease in neurogenesis might be a prerequisite for optimal memory retrieval.

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“…Kolb [78,79] and Rhodes et al [76] found significant differences in the size of brain components in selected mice compared with control mice. Specifically selected mice had significantly larger mid-brain and dentate gyrus volumes compared with control mice [76,78,79], and selected mice had significantly increased non-cerebellar brain masses compared with controls [78,79].…”

Section: (A) Artificial Selection Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four lines of selected mice voluntarily ran about three times further per day than control lines [73], and this type of selection also increases VO 2,max in these mice [74]. Selected mice had higher BDNF levels following several days of voluntary wheel-running compared with control lines [75], and selected mice showed significantly greater cell genesis in the hippocampus when allowed to run, compared with control mice [76]. In addition, two of the selected mouse lines have significantly higher baseline VEGF levels than control mice, which was correlated with higher muscle capillary density (the other two lines showed a strong trend towards higher VEGF levels than controls, but the difference fell just outside statistical significance; p ¼ 0.055) [77].…”

Section: (A) Artificial Selection Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking brains and brawn: exercise and the evolution of human neurobiology

2013

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The hunting and gathering lifestyle adopted by human ancestors around 2 Ma required a large increase in aerobic activity. High levels of physical activity altered the shape of the human body, enabling access to new food resources (e.g. animal protein) in a changing environment. Recent experimental work provides strong evidence that both acute bouts of exercise and long-term exercise training increase the size of brain components and improve cognitive performance in humans and other taxa. However, to date, researchers have not explored the possibility that the increases in aerobic capacity and physical activity that occurred during human evolution directly influenced the human brain. Here, we hypothesize that proximate mechanisms linking physical activity and neurobiology in living species may help to explain changes in brain size and cognitive function during human evolution. We review evidence that selection acting on endurance increased baseline neurotrophin and growth factor signalling (compounds responsible for both brain growth and for metabolic regulation during exercise) in some mammals, which in turn led to increased overall brain growth and development. This hypothesis suggests that a significant portion of human neurobiology evolved due to selection acting on features unrelated to cognitive performance.

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Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running.

Cited by 229 publications

References 84 publications

A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice

A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice

Exercise improves memory acquisition and retrieval in the Y-maze task: Relationship with hippocampal neurogenesis.

Linking brains and brawn: exercise and the evolution of human neurobiology

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