Executive Functions and Developmental Psychopathology

Pennington, Bruce F.; Ozonoff, Sally J

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x

Cited by 2,602 publications

(2,127 citation statements)

References 224 publications

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“…Using young rats with neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions as a model for ADHD, we reported that locomotor hyperactivity in this model was inhibited by several selective D 4 antagonists as by the stimulant methylphenidate, but not antagonists that bind preferentially to the D 2 or 5-HT 2A receptor Zhang et al, 2001Zhang et al, , 2002. Given a hypothesized role of working memory deficits in ADHD (Pennington and Ozonoff, 1996;Denney and Rapport, 2001), beneficial effects of L-745,870 on cognition identified in the current study encourage further consideration of D 4 antagonists as novel treatments for clinical ADHD and other disorders of attention and cognition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Working Memory by Dopamine D4 Receptor in Rats

Zhang

Grady

Tsapakis

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Working memory is regulated by neurotransmitters in prefrontal cortex (PFC), including dopamine and norepinephrine. Previous studies of dopamine function in working memory have focused on the D 1 and D 2 receptors, with most evidence suggesting a dominant role for the D 1 receptor. Since the dopamine D 4 receptor is highly expressed in PFC, we hypothesize that it may also contribute to working memory. To test this hypothesis, we examined behavioral effects of L-745,870, a highly selective, centrally active, D 4 antagonist, using a delayed alternation task in rats. Task performance was dose-dependently affected by the D 4 antagonist, depending on individual baseline functional status of working memory. In rats with good baseline performance, the D 4 antagonist had no effects at low doses, whereas high doses disrupted working memory. In rats with poor baseline working memory, the D 4 antagonist significantly improved working memory at low doses, and higher doses were not distinguishable from vehicle controls. Effects of the D 4 antagonist among poor performers were most robust when task demand for working memory was high, with lesser effects at lower demand level, suggesting that such effects were selective for working memory. The present findings indicate a significant role of the D 4 receptor in working memory, and suggest innovative, D 4 -based, treatment of cognitive deficits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Working Memory by Dopamine D4 Receptor in Rats

Zhang

Grady

Tsapakis

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Behavioral inhibition has been operationalized using a variety of measures, including the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) (see, for reviews, Barkley et al, 1992;Corkum & Siegel, 1993;Losier et al, 1996), delay of gratification tasks (DGTs) (Campbell, Douglas, & Morgernstern, 1971;Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996;Weyandt & Grant, 1994), and the Stroop Test (see for review, Homack & Riccio, 2004). Consistent with this literature, in the current study, behavioral inhibition is measured using CPT commission errors, DGT waiting time, and Stroop interference effects.…”

Section: Studies Of Inhibition and Adhd Symptoms In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The emphasis on executive function deficits, such as deficient behavioral inhibition, in models of ADHD has progressed in tandem with empirical research exploring their interrelation (Barkley, 1997;Nigg, 2001;Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996). To date, the overwhelming majority of studies assessing various aspects of inhibition have demonstrated a concurrent inhibition deficit in school-aged children exhibiting ADHD symptoms compared with children without signs of ADHD (see, for reviews, Barkley, Grodzinsky, & DuPaul, 1992;Corkum & Siegel, 1993;Homack & Riccio, 2004;Losier, McGrath, & Klein, 1996;Oosterlaan, Logan, & Sergeant, 1998;Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996;Tannock, 1998).…”

Section: Studies Of Inhibition and Adhd Symptoms In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the overwhelming majority of studies assessing various aspects of inhibition have demonstrated a concurrent inhibition deficit in school-aged children exhibiting ADHD symptoms compared with children without signs of ADHD (see, for reviews, Barkley, Grodzinsky, & DuPaul, 1992;Corkum & Siegel, 1993;Homack & Riccio, 2004;Losier, McGrath, & Klein, 1996;Oosterlaan, Logan, & Sergeant, 1998;Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996;Tannock, 1998). From these studies, we can conclude that behavioral inhibition deficits are related to ADHD symptoms.…”

Section: Studies Of Inhibition and Adhd Symptoms In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting the early developmental course of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Stauffenberg

Campbell

2007

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology

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Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care were examined to test whether: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms remain stable from 54 months through early elementary school; behavioral inhibition and attention deficits assessed at 54 months predict ADHD symptoms in elementary school, even after controlling for their temporal stability; and early behavioral inhibition and attention deficits moderate the longitudinal stability in ADHD symptoms. Data were examined using continuous and categorical measures of symptoms. Modest stability in ADHD symptoms from 54 months to third grade was found. Measures of inhibition and inattention predicted later teacher ratings uniquely, but no evidence was found for moderation. Measures of preschool behavioral inhibition also predicted "persistently at risk status" defined by elevated teacher ratings over time. Results are discussed in terms of executive and motivational facets of inhibition that may be related to early signs of ADHD.

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“…Thus, EF appears to be a core deficit in both populations. It should be noted, however, that some research suggests that EF impairment in ADHD may be associated only with response inhibition and not setshifting dimensions (Bennetto & Pennington, 2003;Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996), and some studies find inconsistent or no significant neuropsychological deficits for ADHD on EF measures (Geurts et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Vaurio

Riley

Mattson

2007

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Children with either fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or attention-deficit0hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in attention and executive function (EF) and differential diagnosis of these two clinical groups may be difficult, especially when information about prenatal alcohol exposure is unavailable. The current study compared EF performance of three groups: children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC); nonexposed children with attention-deficit0hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and typically developing controls (CON). Both clinical groups met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. The EF tasks used were the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). Results indicated different patterns of deficit; both clinical groups displayed deficits on the WCST and a relative weakness on letter versus category fluency. Only the ALC group displayed overall deficits on letter fluency and a relative weakness on TMT-B versus TMT-A. In addition, WCST performance was significantly lower than expected based on IQ in the ADHD group and significantly higher than expected in the ALC group. These results, which indicate that, although EF deficits occurred in both clinical groups, the degree and pattern of deficit differed between the ALC and ADHD groups, may improve differential diagnosis. (JINS, 2008, 14, 119-129.)

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Executive Functions and Developmental Psychopathology

Cited by 2,602 publications

References 224 publications

Regulation of Working Memory by Dopamine D4 Receptor in Rats

Regulation of Working Memory by Dopamine D4 Receptor in Rats

Predicting the early developmental course of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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