Excuses: Their effective role in the negotiation of reality.

Snyder, C. R.; Higgins, Raymond L.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.23

Cited by 415 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…The items that formed a reliable measure from the rating scale all concerned pejorative self-blame statements ("I was not smart enough to stop it from happening") whereas the open-ended question elicited responses that some have labeled self-excusing attributions ("The abuse happened because I was too young to stop it from happening"). Self-excusing attributions place the locus of cause on the self but without the same negative valence as pejorative self-blame statements (Snyder & Higgins, 1988). To some extent such attributions serve to exonerate the self from intensely negative blame (McGee et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood sexual abuse and abuse-specific attributions of blame over 6 years following discovery

Feiring

Cleland

2007

Child Abuse & Neglect

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Objective-The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of change in attributions for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) over a 6-year period and whether such patterns were related to abuse severity, age, gender, and subsequent symptoms of depression and PTSD.Methodology-One-hundred and sixty children, 8-15 years old, were interviewed within 8 weeks of the time the CSA was reported to child protective services (i.e., the time of abuse discovery). Follow-up interviews were conducted 1-year later on 147, and 6 years later on 121 of the original participants. Abuse-specific attributions were obtained using two methods. Participants first responded to an open-ended interview question about why they believed the CSA had happened to them and then completed a rating scale about the extent to which possible attributions for the CSA applied to them (e.g., "Because I was not smart enough").Results-Over time, perpetrator-blame attributions were consistently more common than selfblame attributions for CSA (using both interview and rating measures). Youth were more likely to report self-blame attributions on the rating measure than the open-ended interview question. The interview method indicated that youth often felt confused about why the abuse happened up to a year following discovery but this response diminished by the third assessment. On average, ratings of perpetrator-blame attribution remained high over time (p<.05), whereas ratings of self-blame decreased (p<.01). Penetration was related to more self-blame (p<.05) and less perpetrator-blame (p<.05), and the use of force was related to more perpetrator-blame. The initial level of self-blame attribution ratings predicted subsequent symptoms of depression (p<.05) and intrusive experiences (p<.05) after controlling for age at abuse discovery, gender, and self-blame attributions for common events. Perpetrator-blame attributions were not related to symptoms.Conclusions-The findings of this study suggest that assessing responses to open-ended interview questions about the perceived reasons for the abuse and ratings of attributions are important for understanding how youth make sense of their abuse. Abuse-specific self-blame attributions at abuse discovery have a persistent effect on internalizing symptoms and should be assessed and the target of treatment as soon as possible after CSA has been reported to the authorities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood sexual abuse and abuse-specific attributions of blame over 6 years following discovery

Feiring

Cleland

2007

Child Abuse & Neglect

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“…As a result, train delays have important reputational and financial costs (Brown & Beltramini, 1989;Folkes et al, 1987;Wang & Huff, 2007). One way to reduce these costs is to provide an excuse that points out the external forces contributing to the delay (Kim et al, 2009;Shaw et al, 2003;Snyder & Higgins, 1988). An efficient way to communicate such excuses to the passengers is to incorporate them in the message that announces the delay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, studies have shown that the influence of inadequate service provision was reduced when consumers did not expect the event to reoccur (Folkes et al, 1987;Wang & Huff, 2007), evaluated the inconvenience as small (Brown & Beltramini, 1989), or felt that the supplier had no control over the situation (Brown & Beltramini, 1989;Folkes et al, 1987). As a result, an interesting approach to repair trust is to provide an excuse that lists the external factors contributing to the transgression (Kim, Dirks, & Cooper, 2009;Shaw, Wild, & Colquitt, 2003;Snyder & Higgins, 1988). Interestingly, train delays are often the result of factors beyond the control of the railway company.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Specificity and Apologies in Excuse Messages Following Train Delay

Cracco¹,

Dirix²,

Folmer³

2017

JPT

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“…A teoria da atribuição de causalidade, por meio de seus variados modelos, é a abordagem que substancia a maior parte dos trabalhos sobre desculpas em psicologia social (Basgall & Snyder 1988;Snyder & Higgins, 1988;Weiner, Folkes, Amirkhan, & Verette, 1987). As explicações que os indivíduos dão, tanto para os seus próprios comportamentos quanto para os de outras pessoas, constituem o objeto de análise destas teorias (Heider, 1944(Heider, , 1958, focando o tipo de atribuição como uma variável dependente.…”

Section: Atribuição De Causalidade E Desculpasunclassified

“…Também se deve reconhecer que o tipo de mecanismo associado ao pedido de desculpas, entre outras lógicas que afastam a responsabilidade das pessoas das suas falhas, pode ser algo benéfico e até saudável (Snyder & Higgins, 1988). As desculpas preservam o autoconceito dos indivíduos e aliviam efeitos negativos relacionados a seus resultados culposos (Taylor & Brown, 1988).…”

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Julgamentos de Plausibilidade e Reações Emocionais a Desculpas

Saraiva¹,

Iglesias²

2013

Inter. Psicol.

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RESUMODesculpas são frequentemente utilizadas como forma de minimizar atribuições de causalidade interna após falhas na interação social. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar julgamentos de plausibilidade e reações emocionais a desculpas, assim como sua aceitabilidade. Participaram da pesquisa 155 estudantes universitários, que responderam a um instrumento contendo cenários com pedidos de desculpas para diversas situações de seu cotidiano. Foram julgadas mais plausíveis e geraram reações emocionais mais positivas as desculpas que envolveram argumentos percebidos como legítimos, seguidas de situações vistas como controláveis e por último as de causa interna. Os resultados são discutidos frente à literatura de gerenciamento de impressão e de sua eficácia para reestabelecer a harmonia em relações sociais informais. Palavras-chave: desculpas; gerenciamento da impressão; atribuição de causalidade. ABSTRACT Judgments of Plausibility and Emotional Reactions to ExcusesExcuses are frequently used to minimize internal causal attributions when social obligations are not fullfilled. This research investigated judgments of plausibility and emotional reactions to excuses, as well as their acceptability. One hundred and fifty five college students gave their ratings on several scenarios of excuse giving for routine situations. Situations involving motives perceived as legitimate received higher scores of plausibility and positive emotional reactions, followed by situations perceived as controllable, and those of internal causes. Results are discussed in the light of the impression management literature and its efficacy in maintaining informal bondings. Keywords: excuses; impression management; causal attribution. * Endereço para correspondência: Fabio Iglesias -iglesias@unb.br A boa navegação no mundo social depende de que se possa desenvolver uma autoimagem positiva. Para mantê-la, é frequentemente necessário que as pessoas afastem de si mesmas a culpa sobre suas ações inapropriadas, atribuindo-as a fatores externos e que possam parecer estar fora de seu controle. A mesma lógi-ca se estende aos processos de gerenciamento de impressão investigados em psicologia social (Schlenker, 2012), sendo que em muitos idiomas o significado de palavras como "desculpa" (des-culpa) é antes de tudo um pedido para que o destinatário alivie o sentimento de culpa daquele que o emite.Desculpas envolvem uma tentativa consciente de comunicar a outras pessoas uma redução da responsabilidade pessoal e tentar minimizar a raiva ou punição que se poderia receber delas (Weiner, 1995(Weiner, , 2006. Nem toda tentativa de pedir desculpas é suficiente, entretanto, para reestabelecer as relações interpessoais afetadas ou para justificar as falhas cometidas. Essas estratégias podem ser usadas de maneira trivial e percebidas como falsas, mal intencionadas ou hipócritas. Assim, é fundamental investigar os fatores que influenciam o julgamento de um pedido de desculpas por quem o recebe, definindo sua aceitabilidade e considerando as potenciais aplicações des...

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Excuses: Their effective role in the negotiation of reality.

Cited by 415 publications

References 94 publications

Childhood sexual abuse and abuse-specific attributions of blame over 6 years following discovery

Childhood sexual abuse and abuse-specific attributions of blame over 6 years following discovery

The Role of Specificity and Apologies in Excuse Messages Following Train Delay

Julgamentos de Plausibilidade e Reações Emocionais a Desculpas

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