“…Exclusive language, which is either verbal or non-verbal (Dragomir et al , 2021), involves discrimination against a marginalized group (Geyser-Fouche, 2016; David et al , 2016), such as gendered bias against women (Rubin and Greene, 1991; de Lemus and Estevan-Reina, 2021), ageism against senior citizens (DeRenzo and Malley, 1993; Polizzi and Millikin, 2002; Previtali et al , 2020) or racism against a different racial group (Faulkner and Bliuc, 2018). This process of out-grouping others has been identified as an exclusionary process (Foucault, 2016), which is characterized by limitations and restrictions (Upshaw et al , 2017; Ali, 2020).…”