“…LBW is influenced by several factors, such as maternal body mass index, family income, pregnancy history, hypertension before pregnancy, vaginal bleeding in the first trimester, gestational diabetes, hypertension, placenta previa, placental abruption, premature rupture of membranes, oligohydramnios, type of placenta (Huang et al, 2023;Kuhn-Santos et al, 2019), as well as visits during pregnancy (Halli et al, 2022). In addition, maternal age, child gender, birth order, birth distance in months, education level, wealth quintile, caste, place of residence, anemic status, number of ANC visits, iron supplementation, and tetanus injection during pregnancy were all associated with low birth weight (Singh et al, 2023).…”