Excited Q-balls

Abstract

Complex scalars in U(1)-symmetric potentials can form stable Q-balls, non-topological solitons that correspond to spherical bound-state solutions. If the U(1) charge of the Q-ball is large enough, it can support a tower of unstable radial excitations with increasing energy. Previous analyses of these radial excitations were confined to fixed parameters, leading to excited states with different charges Q. In this work, we provide the first characterization of the radial excitations of solitons for fixed charge, providing the physical spectrum for such objects. We also show how to approximately describe these excited states analytically and predict their global properties such as radius, energy, and charge. This enables a complete characterization of the radial spectrum. We also comment on the decay channels of these excited states.

Slowly rotating Q-balls

“…for analytic and numeric methods to construct these and related solitons [42][43][44][45][46]. The Q-ball charge Q and energy E are given by the integrals…”

Origin of nontopological soliton dark matter: solitosynthesis or phase transition

“…An NTS can also have gauge charges [7][8][9][10][11] or even topological charges [12] in the presence of a gauge group. Other studies include [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]; see [23,24] for reviews.…”