Origin of nontopological soliton dark matter: solitosynthesis or phase transition

Abstract

This work demonstrates that nontopological solitons with large global charges and masses, even above the Planck scale, can form in the early universe and dominate the dark matter abundance. In solitosynthesis, solitons prefer to grow as large as possible under equilibrium dynamics when an initial global charge asymmetry is present. Their abundance is set by when soliton formation via particle fusion freezes out, and their charges are set by the time it takes to accumulate free particles. This work improves the estimation of both quantities, and in particular shows that much larger-charged solitons form than previously thought. The results are estimated analytically and validated numerically by solving the coupled Boltzmann equations. Without solitosynthesis, phase transitions can still form solitons from particles left inside false-vacuum pockets and determine their present-day abundance and properties. Even with zero charge asymmetry, solitons formed in this way can have very large charges on account of statistical fluctuations in the numbers of (anti)particles inside each pocket.

Slowly rotating Q-balls

“…This a e-mail: yalmumin@uci.edu (corresponding author) b e-mail: heeck@virginia.edu c e-mail: arajaram@uci.edu d e-mail: verhaaren@physics.byu.edu was extended to supersymmetric models [3,4], and Q-balls were shown to be good dark matter candidates in both supersymmetric [5][6][7] and nonsupersymmetric [8][9][10][11] theories. Qballs can be produced by the collapse of an Affleck-Dine condensate [12,13], or by the formation of miniclusters in the early universe which subsequently collapse [14][15][16][17].…”

Pinning down the primordial black hole formation mechanism with gamma-rays and gravitational waves

“…Trapping particles to form non-topological soliton is an old idea that receives renewed interest recently. See refs [182][183][184]. for the Q-balls from a FOPT, and refs [185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193].…”

Pinning down the primordial black hole formation mechanism with gamma-rays and gravitational waves

“…Trapping particles to form non-topological soliton is an old idea that receives renewed interest recently.See Refs [164][165][166]. for the Q-balls from a FOPT, and Refs [167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175].…”