Exchange-driven Magnetic Logic

Zografos, Odysseas; Manfrini, Mauricio; Vaysset, Adrien; Sorée, Bart; Ciubotaru, Florin; Adelmann, Christoph; Lauwereins, Rudy; Raghavan, Praveen; Radu, Iuliana

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12447-8

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…18(d)] have been proposed, which are more compact, more scalable, and easier to fabricate than the trident-shaped gates. 63,167,182,357,363 In inline majority gates, spin-wave transducers are placed along a single straight waveguide. 364 When the transducer distance d t is equal to an integer multiple of the spin-wave wavelength λ , i.e.…”

Section: Phase Encoding: Spin-wave Majority Gatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to Spin Wave Computing

Mahmoud¹,

Ciubotaru²,

Vanderveken³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This paper provides a tutorial overview over recent vigorous efforts to develop computing systems based on spin waves instead of charges and voltages. Spin-wave computing can be considered as a subfield of spintronics, which uses magnetic excitations for computation and memory applications. The tutorial combines backgrounds in spin-wave and device physics as well as circuit engineering to create synergies between the physics and electrical engineering communities to advance the field towards practical spin-wave circuits. After an introduction to magnetic interactions and spin-wave physics, all relevant basic aspects of spin-wave computing and individual spin-wave devices are reviewed. The focus is on spin-wave majority gates as they are the most prominently pursued device concept. Subsequently, we discuss the current status and the challenges to combine spin-wave gates and obtain circuits and ultimately computing systems, considering essential aspects such as gate interconnection, logic level restoration, input-output consistency, and fan-out achievement. We argue that spin-wave circuits need to be embedded in conventional CMOS circuits to obtain complete functional hybrid computing systems. The state of the art of benchmarking such hybrid spin-wave--CMOS systems is reviewed and the current challenges to realize such systems are discussed. The benchmark indicates that hybrid spin-wave--CMOS systems promise ultralow-power operation and may ultimately outperform conventional CMOS circuits in terms of the power-delay-area product. Current challenges to achieve this goal include low-power signal restoration in spin-wave circuits as well as efficient spin-wave transducers.

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Section: Phase Encoding: Spin-wave Majority Gatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to Spin Wave Computing

Mahmoud¹,

Ciubotaru²,

Vanderveken³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The structure of the logic device [15] evaluated is shown in Figure 3a. The device dimensions are 2 nm thick, 20 nm wide, and 80 nm long.…”

Section: Logic Device Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these devices possess certain limitations: Their operating frequency is restricted to about 3 MHz and the physical size to around 200 nm × 200 nm [14]. Contrary to the NML concept, a novel logic scheme was proposed in [15] based on the concept of bistable canted magnetization states. This scheme utilizes direct exchange interaction between two canted regions to perform logic operations and proves to be fast and power-efficient in comparison to other spin-based logic schemes [8,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast Characterization of Input-Output Behavior of Non-Charge-Based Logic Devices by Machine Learning

et al. 2020

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Non-charge-based logic devices are promising candidates for the replacement of conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) devices. These devices utilize magnetic properties to store or process information making them power efficient. Traditionally, to fully characterize the input-output behavior of these devices a large number of micromagnetic simulations are required, which makes the process computationally expensive. Machine learning techniques have been shown to dramatically decrease the computational requirements of many complex problems. We use state-of-the-art data-efficient machine learning techniques to expedite the characterization of their behavior. Several intelligent sampling strategies are combined with machine learning (binary and multi-class) classification models. These techniques are applied to a magnetic logic device that utilizes direct exchange interaction between two distinct regions containing a bistable canted magnetization configuration. Three classifiers were developed with various adaptive sampling techniques in order to capture the input-output behavior of this device. By adopting an adaptive sampling strategy, it is shown that prediction accuracy can approach that of full grid sampling while using only a small training set of micromagnetic simulations. Comparing model predictions to a grid-based approach on two separate cases, the best performing machine learning model accurately predicts 99.92% of the dense test grid while utilizing only 2.36% of the training data respectively.

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“…For example, in Nano-Magnetic Logic, dipolar coupling can transmit information between nanomagnets. [3][4][5][6] In Exchange-driven Magnetic Logic, 7 information propagates through the magnetic exchange interaction, leading to larger speed and higher density. A signal is also transmitted through a continuous free layer in Domain Wall (DW) logic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide operating window spin-torque majority gate towards large-scale integration of logic circuits

et al. 2018

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Interconnected magnetic tunnel junctions for spin-logic applications AIP Advances 8, 055921 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5007622Toward error-free scaled spin torque majority gates AIP Advances 6, 065304 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953672Non-volatile spin wave majority gate at the nanoscale AIP Advances 7, 056020 (2017); https://doi.Spin Torque Majority Gate (STMG) is a logic concept that inherits the non-volatility and the compact size of MRAM devices. In the original STMG design, the operating range was restricted to very small size and anisotropy, due to the exchange-driven character of domain expansion. Here, we propose an improved STMG concept where the domain wall is driven with current. Thus, input switching and domain wall propagation are decoupled, leading to higher energy efficiency and allowing greater technological optimization. To ensure majority operation, pinning sites are introduced. We observe through micromagnetic simulations that the new structure works for all input combinations, regardless of the initial state. Contrary to the original concept, the working condition is only given by threshold and depinning currents. Moreover, cascading is now possible over long distances and fan-out is demonstrated. Therefore, this improved STMG concept is ready to build complete Boolean circuits in absence of external magnetic fields.

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Exchange-driven Magnetic Logic

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Introduction to Spin Wave Computing

Introduction to Spin Wave Computing

Fast Characterization of Input-Output Behavior of Non-Charge-Based Logic Devices by Machine Learning

Wide operating window spin-torque majority gate towards large-scale integration of logic circuits

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