“…Two national studies found retention rates of 21.3% (Resnick et al, 1997) and 20% (Rumberger, 1995). Numerous meta-analyses, reviews, and individual research papers report negative effects of grade retention (e.g., Holmes, 1989;Holmes & Matthews, 1984;Jimerson, 2001;Shepard & Smith, 1990;Silberglitt, Appleton, Burns, & Jimerson, 2006). The most recent of these meta-analyses found negative effects in terms of students' academic, socioemotional, and behavioral outcomes when retained students were compared to similar students promoted to the next grade (Jimerson, 2001).…”