Examination of Pesticide Exposure In Burrowing Owls Nesting In Agricultural And Nonagricultural Areas In the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, Idaho

Abstract

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Plasma Cholinesterase Activity in Wild Birds from Undisturbed Woodlands in the Central Monte Desert

“…When it is possible to collect only small volumes of blood samples (in studies such as ours that sample passerines), one must choose a single AChE endpoint, which also allows comparison across species. We selected the Ellman method, with acetylthiocholine as the substrate (González-Escalante et al 2013;Stuber et al 2018), due to the high specificity of the AChE (Miao et al 2010) and the availability of data in the literature to make comparisons between species and sampling sites. On the other hand, characterizing and selecting the most appropriate substrate in each species for acetyl, butyryl, or propionyl ChEs is the procedure indicated when the first step in biomonitoring is to identify a focal species (European Food Safety Authority 2009).…”

“…To avoid animal euthanasia, plasma ChE activity is measured because ChE is also a biochemical biomarker of exposure to organophosphates and carbamates (Strum et al 2010;Oropesa et al 2013). Plasma AChE activity is also used as a biomarker for environmental analysis (Nunes 2011), because it is a useful tool to evaluate the possibility of environmental pollution in birds from certain pesticides (Stuber et al 2018). Environmental factors that can produce variations in ChE activity have been reported (Tecles and Cerón 2001), and ChE activity in birds is subject to interspecific and intraspecific species variations (Roy 2005;Cobos et al 2010).…”

Ferruginous Hawk movements respond predictably to intra‐annual variation but unexpectedly to anthropogenic habitats

“…Agricultural practices have also altered the landscape, with 5–6% of the NCA containing irrigated croplands (Stuber et al . 2018). At this site, Ferruginous Hawks typically arrive on territories during March before laying eggs in mid‐April (Howard 1975).…”

“…However, due to wildfires, much of the NCA has been converted to open habitats dominated by native grasses and exotic annuals (Pilliod et al 2017). Agricultural practices have also altered the landscape, with 5-6% of the NCA containing irrigated croplands (Stuber et al 2018). At this site, Ferruginous Hawks typically arrive on territories during March before laying eggs in mid-April (Howard 1975).…”

Caracterización del hábitat de Athene cunicularia hypugaea (Bonaparte,1825) en el Centro-Norte de México

“…Al respecto, la lechuza llanera selecciona áreas abiertas con arbustos aislados y de bajo porte, con visibilidad para detectar depredadores y presas (Howell & Webb, 1995). Tolera cierto nivel de perturbación humana, ubicando sus madrigueras en áreas agrícolas, por la presencia de insectos (Stuber et al, 2018); sin embargo, se expone a agroquímicos que afectan su fertilidad, puesta de menos huevos (Bennett et al 1991) y de cáscara delgada (Gervais, 2000). La lechuza llanera depende del ecosistema de pastizal, y presenta drástica disminución de sus poblaciones (Stanton et al, 2018) y distribución (Valencia-Maldonado et al, 2016), debido principalmente a la pérdida de hábitat o por el uso de estricnina y carbofuran para el control de roedores en algunas Jurisdicciones de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica ha disminuido su población (James & Espie, 1997).…”