Examination of gaze behaviors under in situ and video simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action

Dicks, Matt; Button, Chris; Davids, Keith

doi:10.3758/app.72.3.706

Cited by 276 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…As predicted, the expert participants were significantly more accurate at anticipation on the temporal occlusion test compared to the novice participants. Findings support previous research showing that expert athletes are better than novice athletes at anticipating upcoming actions (Abernethy, Gill, Parks, & Packer, 2001;Dicks, Button, & Davids, 2010;Gabbett, Rubinoff, Thorburn, & Farrow, 2007;Muller, Abernethy, & Farrow, 2006;Savelsbergh et al, 2002;Williams et al, 2002), especially earlier in the execution of the action (Abernethy, 1990;Williams et al, 2002). The expert group have a significantly greater amount of domain specific experience, thus enabling them to combine the current environmental situation with those previous experiences to aid in response selection (Causer et al, 2012), whereas the novices do not.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Alder

Ford

Causer

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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a b s t r a c tPurpose: We examined links between the kinematics of an opponent's actions and the visual search behaviors of badminton players responding to those actions. Method: A kinematic analysis of international standard badminton players (n = 4) was undertaken as they completed a range of serves. Video of these players serving was used to create a life-size temporal occlusion test to measure anticipation responses. Expert (n = 8) and novice (n = 8) badminton players anticipated serve location while wearing an eye movement registration system. Results: During the execution phase of the opponent's movement, the kinematic analysis showed between-shot differences in distance traveled and peak acceleration at the shoulder, elbow, wrist and racket. Experts were more accurate at responding to the serves compared to novice players. Expert players fixated on the kinematic locations that were most discriminating between serve types more frequently and for a longer duration compared to novice players. Moreover, players were generally more accurate at responding to serves when they fixated vision upon the discriminating arm and racket kinematics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Alder

Ford

Causer

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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“…Uncertainty is one of the key antecedents associated with anxiety (Lox 1992), so any strategy that increases perceived control should be beneficial in competitive, pressurized settings. As goalkeepers do not appear to utilize information from the kicker's eyes, it is also unlikely that advanced anticipatory cues are being provided (Dicks et al 2010;Savelsbergh et al 2005). We suggest that performers should therefore treat the penalty as a faraiming task, and practice hitting the optimal scoring regions (the top corners) with sufficient power to beat a goalkeeper (Bar-Eli and Azar 2009).…”

Section: Pressure Effects: Shootoutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quiet-eye training for soccer penalty kicks

2011

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Anxiety has been shown to disrupt visual attention, visuomotor control and subsequent shot location in soccer penalty kicks. However, optimal visual attention has been trained in other far aiming skills, improving performance and resistance to pressure. We therefore asked a team of ten university soccer players to follow a quiet eye (QE; Vickers 1996) training program, designed to align gaze with aiming intention to optimal scoring zones, over a 7-week period. Performance and gaze parameters were compared to a placebo group (ten players) who received no instruction, but practiced the same number of penalty kicks over the same time frame. Results from a retention test indicated that the QE-trained group had more effective visual attentional control, were significantly more accurate, and had 50% fewer shots saved by the goalkeeper than the placebo group. Both groups then competed in a penalty shootout to explore the influence of anxiety on attentional control and shooting accuracy. Under the pressure of the shootout, the QE-trained group failed to maintain their accuracy advantage, despite maintaining more distal aiming fixations of longer duration. The results therefore provide only partial support for the effectiveness of brief QE training interventions for experienced performers.

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“…A long duration fixation on a specific location contributes to better body positioning, a more balanced stance and the timing of limb actions that are efficient and economical. Evidence supporting the efficacy of testing individuals in realistic spatial environments where GPS-like gaze coordinates can be accessed comes from a paper by Button et al (this volume) and Dicks et al (2010) who tested elite soccer goaltenders in five experimental conditions: two using video simulations of penalty kicks with verbal and joystick responses, and three carried out on the field with verbal, step, and real world responses. Not only did the goalkeepers make more saves in the real world condition, but their fixation locations changed significantly across the five conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mind over muscle: the role of gaze control, spatial cognition, and the quiet eye in motor expertise

Vickers

2011

Cogn Process

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In the course of all motor behavior, the brain is limited in how much information it can process and act upon at a time. Performers must constantly decide where to look, what to attend to, and how to time fixated information with precisely controlled actions. The gaze can be directed to only one location at a time and information central to success must be selected from spatially complex environments, most often under severe time constraints. The coordination of these processes is explored in this Special issue in a number of motor tasks, including golf, soccer, law enforcement, and ballet. The papers describe the visual information and quiet eye characteristics that underlie the ability to make decisions under complex task conditions and the relationship between control of the gaze and task outcomes. With the attainment of motor expertise, measureable changes occur within the gaze, cognitive, and neural systems that are useful in training, rehabilitation, and the treatment of motor deficits. As the title of this editorial suggests to reach the highest levels of expertise in a sport or any other motor domain, it takes more than superior physical skill. While previously it was difficult, if not impossible, to research how human's control their gaze in complex spatial environments, all of the authors in this Special issue have found ways to research real world events and test individuals under experimentally rigorous conditions. All have done this by harnessing mobile eye tracking technology that provides new insights into how the visual system functions in physically challenging spaces and time frames. All present evidence that shows how the gaze is controlled in space is a critical factor in motor expertise requiring precise cue selection, optimal timing, and the ability to focus for surprisingly long durations under all conditions of performance. The greater or more intense the pressure then the more the gaze must be precisely controlled in space and timed relative to specific phases of the motor skill.They further show that expert performers have gaze control abilities distinct from those with lower skill levels in being able to acquire the most optimal spatial information thus allowing the neural structures underlying the action to optimally organize. When the spatial information is insufficient or incomplete, then the action is only partially organized and performance suffers. Paradoxically, the type of gaze control that accompanies excellence in dynamic motor skills is not itself rapid and dynamic, but instead just the opposite; it is calm, cool, and collected, meaning fixation onsets are early, of long duration and focussed intently on critical external locations well before the final phase of the movement begins. Since the human brain is a relatively slow visual processor, it is incumbent on the performer to find ways to access complex spatial

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Examination of gaze behaviors under in situ and video simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action

Cited by 276 publications

References 58 publications

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Quiet-eye training for soccer penalty kicks

Mind over muscle: the role of gaze control, spatial cognition, and the quiet eye in motor expertise

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