Ex vivo immunomodulatory effect of ethanolic extract of propolis during Celiac Disease: involvement of nitric oxide pathway

Abstract

Celiac Disease (CeD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy, in which dietary gluten induces an inflammatory reaction, predominantly in the duodenum. Propolis is a resinous hive product, collected by honeybees from various plant sources. Propolis is well-known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory effects, due to its major compounds, polyphenols and flavonoids. The aim of our study was to assess the ex vivo effect of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) upon the activity and expression of iNOS, along with IFN-γ and IL-10 production in Algerian Celiac patients. In this context, PBMCs isolated from peripheral blood of Celiac patients and healthy controls were cultured with different concentrations of EEP. NO production was measured using the Griess method, whereas quantitation of IFN-γ and IL-10 levels was performed by ELISA. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, NFκB and pSTAT-3 activity were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. Our results showed that PBMCs from Celiac patients produced high levels of NO and IFN-γ compared with healthy controls (HC). Interestingly, EEP reduced significantly, NO and IFN-γ levels and significantly increased IL-10 levels at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. Importantly, EEP downmodulated the iNOS expression as well as the activity of NFκB and pSTAT-3 transcription factors. Altogether, our results highlight the immunomodulatory effect of propolis on NO pathway and on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we suggest that propolis may constitute a potential candidate to modulate inflammation during Celiac Disease and has a potential therapeutic value.

The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of propolis: An update and future perspectives for respiratory diseases

“…Compared with control, PBMCs from patients showed higher NO and IFN‐γ levels, which were significantly decreased by propolis treatment. In addition, propolis extract significantly increased IL‐10 production, downregulated iNOS mRNA expression, and impaired NF‐κB and pSTAT‐3 transcription factors activity 148 . In a model of carrageenan‐induced inflammation in Wistar rats, the oral pretreatment with the ethyl acetate fraction of an ethanolic extract of Algerian propolis from Tigzirt significantly reduced paw edema, counteracted white blood cell increment, and increased the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase.…”

“…146 A dimethyilsulfoxide extract of Turkish propolis reduced phorbol myristate acetate-induced respiratory burst, and the consequent secretion of elastase, a neutrophilic marker of acute inflammatory responses, in isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 147 Medjeber et al 148 assessed the effect of Algerian propolis hydroalcoholic (85% ethanol) extract in PBMCs from patients with celiac disease. Compared with control, PBMCs from patients showed higher NO and IFN-γ levels, which were significantly decreased by propolis treatment.…”

Propolis nanoparticles modulate the inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver fibrosis and nephropathy in rats

“…Then, 6 g of propolis sample put in 20 mL ethanol for 12 day on checker at room temperature. The extract was filtered and evaporated 24 . The ethanolic extract was analyzed by GC/MS in Egypt‐Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El Arab city, Alexandria, Egypt.…”

“…The extract was filtered and evaporated. 24 The ethanolic extract was analyzed by GC/MS in Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El Arab city, Alexandria, Egypt. The propolis samples were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis connected to Oxford scan electron JEOL GSM5300 in Faculty of Science, Alexandria University.…”

COVID-19 vaccines breakthrough infection and adverse reactions in medical students: A nationwide survey in Iran

“…In addition to the fact that COVID-19 vaccines do not provide complete protection, individuals are also at the risk of post-vaccination breakthrough infection due to the development of mutations and different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Vulnerable subjects, including immunosuppressed transplant recipients, are at higher risk of post-vaccination breakthrough infections and further mortalities and morbidities than the average risk [7]. Still, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the safety and e cacy of vaccines in large populations.…”