This study assessed the use of emulsion-produced propolis nanoparticles for treating carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced liver fibrosis and nephropathy on albino rat model. The evaluation of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and the treatment outcomes involved biochemical investigations of blood samples as well as molecular analysis, and histopathological assessment for liver and kidney tissue samples. CCl 4 treatment caused elevated biochemical indicators of hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects as detected by liver and kidney functions tests, which improved gradually with propolis nanoparticles treatment. The molecular studies showed an increase in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), Nephrin, and Caspase-9, while Bcl-2 levels dropped in both liver and kidney tissue samples; such changes were normalized after treatment. The histological findings confirm both biochemical and molecular studies. Our results indicated that propolis nanoparticles had an anti-inflammatory effect as proved by decreased expression of TGF-β in liver tissue and Nephrin in kidney tissue. The propolis nanoparticles showed an anti-apoptotic effect on liver and kidney tissue increasing the expression of Bcl-2 and decreasing the expression of Caspase-9.

Background: The continuous need for new anticancer drugs is a never-ending task due to cancer resistance to the existing drugs. Objective: This article aimed to Design, synthesis, characterization, and anticancer evaluation of cyanopyridines, pyridopyrazolopyrimidines and pyridopyrazolotriazines. Materials and Methods: FTIR spectra were recorded on Thermo nioclet iso10 FT-IR. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on on JEOL (500 MHz) and Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer. Anticancer activity was determined using MTT assay against three cancer cell lines namely liver cancer cell line (HepG-2), pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1), non-small lung cancer cell line (A-549) and normal fibroblast. Results and Discussion: New series of 3-cyanopyridines (2a,b, 4, 5, 9), pyridopyrimidine (10), pyridopyrazolopyrimidines (11a-c, 12a,b, 18), pyrazolopyridine salt (13) and pyridopyrazolotriazines (16a,b) were synthesized from 3-cyano-4,6- dimethyl-2-pyridone. The novel synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their anticancer activity and their chemical structures were determined by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data. Conclusion: The obtained data revealed that some of the synthesized compounds showed remarkable anticancer activities, especially 11a exhibited superior potency to the reference drug cisplatin against A-549 (IC50 = 9.24 µg mL-1 compared by 11.76 µg mL-1 for reference drug) and safe (IC50 = 66 µg mL-1) for normal fibroblast. Furthermore, compound 16a displayed the highest activity among the tested compounds against HepG-2 (IC50 = 6.45 µg mL-1 equipotent to cisplatin) with the highest safety profile (IC50=113.97 µg mL-1).

Lead nanoparticles (Pb-NPs) are used in different industrial aspects with potential risk in human health. The current work aimed to appreciate the therapeutic rocket seeds extract effect on against renal toxicity stimulated by (Pb-NPs) via estimation of kidney functions and electrolytes with different histological and immunological studies. Pb-NPs were synthesized by biocompatible chemical coprecipitation of Pb2+ and glucose as a reducing agent. These nanoparticles have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Pb-NPs have a relatively cubic shape with diameter about 16 nm. The study was performed on 60 male albino rats distributed into four groups (control, rocket- seeds extract, Pb-NPs, and treated) The results demonstrated the toxic effects of Pb-NPs via the destruction of the renal cell resulted in significant elevations of urea and creatinine concentrations which affected on electrolyte hemostasis. The rocket seed extract administration showed beneficial curative effects against renal toxicity induced by Pb-NPs exposure. Rocket seeds extract administration showed regression of the kidney functions and improvement of electrolytes hemostasis. These result were indicated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis

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