Ex-vivo evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis gums with possible applications for veterinary vaccine delivery

Abstract

BackgroundFew studies have investigated the interaction of bioadhesives with biologic tissues for veterinary application. Hence, this study evaluates the mucoadhesive property and vaccine delivery properties of polymers from phytogenic origin. Gums from Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis were harvested, purified, dried and compressed into 500 mg tablets individually and in combined ratios. The time taken for these tablets, placed on freshly excised (5 × 5 cm) trachea and duodenal tissues of cattle, chicken, pig, sheep and goat and fastened to the basket end of a tablet dissolution machine probe set at 50 rev/min in a phosphate buffer 6.8 pH at 37 °C, to fall off the tissue was the peak adhesion time (PAT). Gum with best PAT was combined with Newcastle disease vaccine and the procedure repeated. Haemagglutination assay (HA) was conducted on the gum polymer-vaccine mix with gum and vaccine individually as controls.ResultsOn intestinal and trachea tissues, Cedrela gum polymer averagely had prolonged PAT (≈1 h 30 min and 1 h respectively) while average PAT values of Khaya gums followed the same trend but too transient PAT (≈6 and 0.3 min respectively). However on combination, Cedrela–Khaya polymer mix (1:1) was best on chicken, cattle and sheep trachea and intestinal tissues (PAT of 1 h 30 min and 2 h 24 min respectively). On combination with vaccine, the PAT of the gums reduced slightly on cattle and sheep tissues while other animal tissue showed varied results. The HA results showed the gum polymer boosted the HA property of the vaccine (Log 105), when compared to vaccine alone (Log 104).ConclusionHence, mucoadhesives from phytogenic sources have potential for non-invasive vaccine application.

Clinicopathological evaluation of Newcastle disease virus vaccination using gums fromCedrela odorataandKhaya senegalensisas delivery agents in challenged chickens

“…Generally, the observed reduction in clinico-pathological features observed in the gum-vaccine groups might be related to the humoral systemic and mucosal responses to previous booster vaccination as suggested and demonstrated in our previous studies [13] , [14] . These studies showed a higher and faster peak humoral (mucosal and systemic) response (using HI and ELISA) [14] in challenged chickens after prior and booster oral NDV vaccinations when gum vehicle was employed.…”

“…This study was aimed at evaluating the clinicopathologic features of challenged chickens previously vaccinated with ND vaccine using natural mucoadhesive biopolymers such as gums from plants. This was following recent reports by Emikpe et al [13] who reported strong mucoadhesive property of gums obtained from Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis trees when used as vaccine vehicles with a suspected immunopotentiating action when investigated using ex-vivo means. Further, Oyebanji et al [14] reported higher, faster serum and mucosal humoral responses in an in vivo model with challenged chickens previously vaccinated against Newcastle disease using these gums as delivery vehicle.…”

Effects of Boswellia species on viral infections with particular attention to SARS-CoV-2

“…Next to the ability of mucosa in covering the nasal cavity, the applied drug/vaccine can be directly transferred to the systemic blood circulation without facing the hepatic first pass effect and intestinal metabolism. However, oral vaccines can provide certain advantages such as simple usage, low cost, and mucosal immune responses (Smart et al 1984 ; Peppas and Sahlin 1996 ; Emikpe et al 2016 ; Yonesi and Kamrani 2019 ). In addition, natural gums proved to be an appropriate choice for delaying the drug release, which has led to the growing interest in the application of these polymers in sustained drug and vaccine delivery (Bhosale et al 2014 ; Manjula et al 2014 ; Cox et al 1999 ).…”

Screening of polysaccharides from fruit pulp of Ziziphus mauritiana L. and Artocarpus heterophyllus L. as natural mucoadhesives

“…It is then allowed to pass through sieve (0.15-mm mesh size). The isolated AH gum powder was packed properly and stored in desiccators [18].…”