Evolving Trends for C−C Bond Formation Using Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalysts

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), also called “Organic Zeolites,” are crystalline porous organic polymers with robust and pre‐designable architecture and high crystallinity. They can be structurally controlled and functionally managed, due to the availability of diverse organic functionalities, covalent linkages and topologies. The current review briefly outlines their design strategies and comprehensively discusses their applications in the carbon‐carbon bond formation reactions. The reactivity of COF‐based catalysts with their homogeneous counterparts, catalyst stability, role of matrix, tailored organocatalysts and substituent effect on the reaction parameters, chemo‐/stereo‐/regioselectivity, shape/size selectivity are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of functionalized COF‐based catalysts are discussed. These discussions will provide a better understanding of the role of COF‐based catalysts in the C−C bond formation and will also open doors to the design and synthesis of more robust, sustainable and benign catalytic systems, which might play a key role in organic synthesis and catalysis.

Solid-Supported Heterogenized Palladium Nanoparticles: Propitious Vehicles for Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction

“…Sonogashira reaction is an important C–C cross-coupling reaction employed for the synthesis of biologically active aryl or vinyl acetylenes using terminal acetylenes and aryl or vinyl halides, in the presence of Pd/Cu salt or Pd metal catalysts. 1 2 Aryl and vinyl acetylenes are structural moieties in polymers, natural products, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Their constant demand stimulates the upgrading of their synthetic methodologies and the design of newer catalysts.…”