Evolving superantigens ofStaphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria utilize an extensive array of molecular countermeasures to manipulate the defensive microenvironment of the infected host and colonize potentially any tissue. The secreted polypeptides referred to as superantigens are unique among these countermeasures, because they target the multireceptor communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells that is fundamental to initiating pathogen-specific immune clearance. Superantigens play a critical role in toxic-shock syndrome and food poisoning, yet their function in routine infections is not well understood. While an association of superantigens with cases of human autoimmune disease seems tantalizing, convincing data are not yet available. Blocking antigen-specific T-cell recognition is the primary evolutionary driving force behind superantigen selection, whereas superantigen-specific pathologies are by-products that are apparent only under select conditions.

Illness Severity in Community-Onset Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infection and the Presence of Virulence Genes

“…The diversity of ISS values for S. aureus clones and the apparent association with key virulence genes such as cna and the egc support the mounting evidence that "not all S. aureus strains are created equal" [42] and that virulence is not determined by any single determinant (eg, PVL) but a multitude of interacting virulence determinants [39,44,45]. Whilst our proposed ISS requires further validation in larger studies, virulence profile data may ultimately treatment of patients with invasive S. aureus infection (eg, the use of ribosomal active agents for toxin producers [46], intravenous immunoglobulin [10], and specific anti-SAg agents [47]), in addition to guiding S. aureus vaccine development and further refining infection control policies targeting those S. aureus clones that are associated with the potential for the most morbidity and mortality.…”

“…Analysis of the microarray-based genotype of the 10 most common clones revealed a number of observations. The agr type of the highest-ranking clones belonged to types I and III, (47) .04…”

Contaminantes microbiológicos en un mercado del sur de Montería: Un riesgo para la salud pública

“…El aislamiento de SCP de las manos de los manipuladores de alimentos y de las superficies de los mesones indica un riesgo para la salud pública, por la producción de enterotoxinas, de las cuales se han descrito más de quince (20,21). Estas enterotoxinas pueden causar enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos como enterotóxicosis y enfermedad diarreica aguda (23,24).…”

“…El S. aureus es uno de los microorganismos que causa variedad de enfermedades en seres humanos y animales (15); se encuentra en los alimentos por contaminación durante su obtención, almacenamiento o comercialización, al ser manipulados por personas contaminadas (16,17,18,19). Dentro de los mecanismos de virulencia encontramos las enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (SE); se han descrito más de 15 SE, de A (SEA) a J (SEJ) (20,21). Ciertas SE son termoestables después de la pasteurización (22).…”

Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype

“…The modification of the skin ecosystem could alter this balance, resulting in different pathogenic conditions. For instance, some bacterial species limit the growth of other bacteria by hydrolyzing sebum lipids to toxic fatty acids [15,16]. Similarly, large-sale alterations of skin microbial communities have been linked to several non-infectious diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea and acne [14].…”