Evolutionary trajectories of duplicated FT homologues and their roles in soybean domestication

Abstract

SUMMARYTo clarify the molecular bases of flowering time evolution in crop domestication, here we investigate the evolutionary fates of a set of four recently duplicated genes in soybean: FT2a, FT2b, FT2c and FT2d that are homologues of the floral inducer FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). While FT2a maintained the flowering inducer function, other genes went through contrasting evolutionary paths. FT2b evolved attenuated expression potentially associated with a transposon insertion in the upstream intergenic region, while FT2c and FT2d obtained a transposon insertion and structural rearrangement, respectively. In contrast to FT2b and FT2d whose mutational events occurred before the separation of G. max and G. soja, the evolution of FT2c is a G. max lineage specific event. The FT2c allele carrying a transposon insertion is nearly fixed in soybean landraces and differentiates domesticated soybean from wild soybean, indicating that this allele spread at the early stage of soybean domestication. The domesticated allele causes later flowering than the wild allele under short day and exhibits a signature of selection. These findings suggest that FT2c may have underpinned the evolution of photoperiodic flowering regulation in soybean domestication and highlight the evolutionary dynamics of this agronomically important gene family.

Analysis of the quinoa genome reveals conservation and divergence of the flowering pathways

“…In the genus Chenopodium, natural variation of the FT gene was identified owing to presence of indels in the third intron, depending on the genotype's origin (Storchova et al 2015). It is known that the natural variation of FT homologues facilitated regional adaptation of crop species (Wickland and Hanzawa 2015) and has been implicated in domestication of crops including rice, sunflower and soybean (Blackman et al 2010;Ogiso-Tanaka et al 2013;Wu et al 2017). Further studies of FT locus diversity could help understand adaptation of quinoa to growth across a range of latitudes.…”

Platinum-grade soybean reference genome facilitates characterization of genetic underpinnings of traits

“…4a). The owering time of plants with wild-type GsFT2c was about 2.8 days earlier than that of Wm82 under short-day light, and about 2 days later under long-day light [28]. The mutations at this locus speculate that JD17 should have a short owering cycle under short-day light, about 29 days, and about 45 days under long-day light.…”

“…Among the genes related to owering (Table S3), there are 19 genes related to the owering cycle, including 3 genes FT2c [28], J gene [29], and E1 gene [30] DNA mutation sites were determined at the molecular level (Fig. 1).…”

Molecular-genetic study on flowering and growth habit of soybean by use of germplasm

“…子 (E3 および E4) が特定されていた (Buzzell 1971, Buzzell and Voldeng 1980, Saindon et al 1989 (Fan et al 2014, Thakare et al 2011, Wang et al 2015, Wu et al 2017, Zhai et al 2014 LG-G/Chr18 GmFT1a GmFT1b…”