Evolutionary Genetics of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and HIV-1: “The Tortoise and the Hare”

Abstract

The already enormous burden caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) alone is aggravated by co-infection. Despite obvious differences in the rate of evolution comparing these two human pathogens, genetic diversity plays an important role in the success of both. The extreme evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 is in the basis of a robust capacity to evade immune responses, to generate drug-resistance and to diversify the population-level reservoir of M group viral subtypes. Compared to HIV-1 and other retroviruses, M. tuberculosis generates minute levels of genetic diversity within the host. However, emerging whole-genome sequencing data show that the M. tuberculosis complex contains at least nine human-adapted phylogenetic lineages. This level of genetic diversity results in differences in M. tuberculosis interactions with the host immune system, virulence and drug resistance propensity. In co-infected individuals, HIV-1 and M. tuberculosis are likely to co-colonize host cells. However, the evolutionary impact of the interaction between the host, the slowly evolving M. tuberculosis bacteria and the HIV-1 viral “mutant cloud” is poorly understood. These evolutionary dynamics, at the cellular niche of monocytes/macrophages, are also discussed and proposed as a relevant future research topic in the context of single-cell sequencing.

A three‐methylation‐driven gene–based deep learning model for tuberculosis diagnosis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus co‐infection

“…To obtain MDGs between patients with HIV monoinfection and patients with HIV/TB co-infection patients, gene expression data (GSE50834) of DEGs and paired DNA methylation data (GSE50835) for 19 patients with HIV monoinfection patients and 20 patients with HIV/TB co-infection were subjected to integrated analysis using the MethylMix package 15 in R. MDGs should respect both the following criteria: (1) genes with differential methylation level between patients with HIV mono-infection and patients with HIV/TB co-infection and (2) a negative correlation with gene expression level and paired methylation level. First, the correlation between gene expression data of DEGs and paired methylation data for 39 patients was evaluated using a linear regression model, with the correlation coefficient lower than -0.5 as cut-off criteria.…”

“…Globally, it is also the main cause of AIDS‐related deaths. Overall, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/TB co‐infection was responsible for more than one‐third of 1.5 million AIDS‐related mortality in 2016 1,2 . Although current diagnostic approaches are useful and preferable, diagnosing TB in patients with HIV remains problematic and limited 3 .…”

“…Overall, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/TB co-infection was responsible for more than one-third of 1.5 million AIDS-related mortality in 2016. 1,2 Although current diagnostic approaches are useful and preferable, diagnosing TB in patients with HIV remains problematic and limited. 3 Because of the complexity and high mortality of HIV/TB co-infection, robust diagnostic biomarkers are urgently needed.…”

Evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 subtype C in Brazil

“…Subtype C causes nearly all infections in Southern Africa, Ethiopia and India being responsible for almost half of the HIV-1 infections in the world 19 – 21 . Despite the increasing amount of evidence that supports the geographic expansion of C subtype and other non-B subtypes in different continents 22 – 25 , globally, in the last decades, subtype C has been shown to have a decreasing profile, along with other subtypes, contrasting with subtype B 20 .…”

Coloración de Ziehl-Neelsen en el laboratorio de patología: rendimiento y contribución al diagnóstico de micobacterias en el lavado broncoalveolar

“…No obstante, la incidencia de tuberculosis no solo aumenta por las condiciones sociales. En la actualidad, el control inmunológico de la primoinfección está siendo puesto a prueba por situaciones como el incremento del número de pacientes positivos para HIV, el uso de esteroides como parte del tratamiento para la infección por SARS-Cov-2, la multirresistencia de las micobacterias y la administración de medicamentos inmunosupresores en pacientes con trasplantes o para el tratamiento de enfermedades reumatológicas y neoplásicas (5)(6)(7)(8). Por ello, se necesitan aproximaciones diagnósticas que nos permitan la demostración rápida y precisa de la micobacteria mediante técnicas de laboratorio complementarias.…”