Evolution of Wearable Devices with Real-Time Disease Monitoring for Personalized Healthcare

Guk, Kyeonghye; Han, Gaon; Lim, Jaewoo; Jeong, Keunwon; Kang, Taejoon; Lim, Eun‐Kyung; Jung, Juyeon

doi:10.3390/nano9060813

Cited by 330 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Optical images before and after assembling with the CP electrode are shown in Figure 11F,G. Other diseases such as diabetes are also targeted in eHealth diagnosis because of their relevance worldwide [103][104][105][106]. In this paper we present many approaches based on microfluidics, and we summarize their most relevant features in terms of analytes, detection method, and limits of detection in Table 1.…”

Section: A B Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for eHealth Diagnostics

Mejía‐Salazar

Cruz

Vásques

et al. 2020

Sensors

134

111

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Point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics is promising for early detection of a number of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, in addition to serving for monitoring health conditions. To be efficient and cost-effective, portable PoC devices are made with microfluidic technologies, with which laboratory analysis can be made with small-volume samples. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in this area with “epidermal electronics”, including miniaturized wearable diagnosis devices. These wearable devices allow for continuous real-time transmission of biological data to the Internet for further processing and transformation into clinical knowledge. Other approaches include bluetooth and WiFi technology for data transmission from portable (non-wearable) diagnosis devices to cellphones or computers, and then to the Internet for communication with centralized healthcare structures. There are, however, considerable challenges to be faced before PoC devices become routine in the clinical practice. For instance, the implementation of this technology requires integration of detection components with other fluid regulatory elements at the microscale, where fluid-flow properties become increasingly controlled by viscous forces rather than inertial forces. Another challenge is to develop new materials for environmentally friendly, cheap, and portable microfluidic devices. In this review paper, we first revisit the progress made in the last few years and discuss trends and strategies for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. Then, we discuss the challenges in lab-on-a-chip biosensing devices, including colorimetric sensors coupled to smartphones, plasmonic sensors, and electronic tongues. The latter ones use statistical and big data analysis for proper classification. The increasing use of big data and artificial intelligence methods is then commented upon in the context of wearable and handled biosensing platforms for the Internet of things and futuristic healthcare systems.

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Section: A B Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for eHealth Diagnostics

Mejía‐Salazar

Cruz

Vásques

et al. 2020

Sensors

134

111

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“…Wearable technology has been widely developed with increasing interest in continuous physiological monitoring during daily activities 1–4. More insight into the user's health state can be obtained at molecular level with analysis of biomarkers present in sweat, such as glucose, ethanol, lactic acid, ions, cortisol, and small proteins 5–7.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Stretchable Sensors for Nanomolar Glucose Detection

Imamura

Zakashansky

Cho

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Technologies

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surface area. [12,13] To overcome this issue, nanostructured electrodes with small geometric footprints have been fabricated to achieve higher surface area than their planar counterparts. [14][15][16][17] Wearable sensors in particular should be biocompatible and withstand physiological strains due to motion and deformation of human skin, which is ≈30%. [18,19] Stretchable gold electrodes have been evaluated as glucose detection platforms. Chan et al. demonstrated stability at strains up to 230% with their solution-processed wrinkled gold glucose sensor, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 × 10 −3 m in artificial sweat. [20] Zhai et al. reported gold nanowire-based electrodes functionalized with glucose oxidase that were stretched to 20% strain to detect glucose concentrations of 1 × 10 −5 m in a solution of NaOH, while Zhao et al. demonstrated a gold-fiber based sensor functionalized with glucose oxidase capable of detecting 6 × 10 −6 m glucose in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) under strains up to 200%. [21,22] It is critical to have low detection limits and high sensitivity due to lower concentration of glucose in sweat in comparison with other biological fluids. In this work, we introduce a highly stretchable electrode with the lowest limit of detection to the best of our knowledge for flexible enzyme-free glucose sensing at physiological pH.We introduce stretchable wrinkled electrodes for electrochemical sensing by depositing thin gold metal thin film on polyolefin (PO), which shrinks to 5% of its original area. During the shrinking process, the stiffness mismatch between the polymer and the gold thin film leads to buckling of the gold and results in hierarchical, wrinkled structures. The shrinking factor (the ratio of the average unshrunk electrode's geometric area to that of the processed electrode) of the prestressed thermoplastic PO is 21.8. The wrinkled thin film is then transferred to an elastomer. The transfer of the electrode from shape-memory polymer to elastomer results in additional shrinking due to lift-off process, with a total shrinking factor of 33.4 (Figure 1a). The transferred electrodes retain the wrinkled structures (Figure 1b-d) and upon application of strain, the wrinkles stretch and separate from each other as cracks are sustained in the gold thin film (Figure 1e-g).Electrochemical properties of the wrinkled electrodes were characterized by measuring the electrochemical active surface area (EASA) in different solutions. The wrinkled structures contribute to high surface area, which directly correlates Biosensors that detect analytes in sweat face the challenge of maintaining sensitivity upon miniaturization. Various materials and processes have been developed to create nanostructured electrodes with high surface areas to mitigate this issue. The need remains, however, for biocompatible materials that can be scalably integrated into wearable devices. This paper details a gold thin-film electrode fabricated using a thermoplastic shape memory polymer to create hierarchical wrinkled stru...

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“…With the entry of large industrial players like Google, the field of innovative wearable devices targeting tears is expected to grow rapidly, but these products are still in clinical trials and their commercial release is still a ways off. This indicates that some challenges still need to be addressed to successfully achieve a high level of sensitivity, linearity, and accuracy in detecting tear analytes (49,50). First, a better understanding of the correlation between analyte concentrations and variations in tear and blood is needed to improve reliability.…”

Section: Challenges and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lab on the eye: A review of tear-based wearable devices for medical use and health management

Lan

Yang

2019

BST

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Wearable sensors have garnered considerable interest because of their great promise in terms of personalized health and disease management. Tears are a superior target for wireless, non-invasive wearable devices, and tear-based platforms have developed rapidly over the past decade. Although an increasing number of tear analytes have been found to be associated with multiple diseases, glucose still serves as a main target for tearbased wearable devices. There has been much investment and efforts to develop tearbased wearable biosensors, with contact lens-based and spring-like sensors flourishing commercially. Current efforts have moved past ocular and systematic disease markers to nutrients and chemicals. Moreover, tear-based wearable devices also have the potential to treat some ocular diseases. This review discusses aspects of tear-based wearable devices and it emphasizes that strict clinical validation is needed before such platforms enter the market. Multifunctional and theranostic strategies would further broaden their clinical use in the future.

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Evolution of Wearable Devices with Real-Time Disease Monitoring for Personalized Healthcare

Cited by 330 publications

References 98 publications

Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for eHealth Diagnostics

Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for eHealth Diagnostics

Stretchable Sensors for Nanomolar Glucose Detection

Lab on the eye: A review of tear-based wearable devices for medical use and health management

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