Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals

Antonacci, Rachele; Massari, Serafina; Linguiti, Giovanna; Jambrenghi, Anna Caputi; Giannico, Francesco; Lefranc, Marie‐Paule; Ciccarese, Salvatrice

doi:10.3390/genes11060624

Cited by 36 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 119 publications

(208 reference statements)

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“…23 Peculiarities of TRG loci of unknown physiological relevance are their high variability in size and composition and the use of two separate TRG loci by some ruminants. 27 Many Gnathostomata, but not placental mammals, possess additional types of RAG-recombined IgSF antigen receptors which can be considered functional analogs to TCR or BCR and antibodies, respectively. Interestingly, some species such as Xenopus and chicken possess a second TRD locus containing IIGHV like variable genes.…”

Section: Genes Encoding the V-domain Antigen Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T‐cells

Herrmann

Karunakaran

Fichtner

2020

Immunological Reviews

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The discovery that butyrophilins (BTNs) control the development and activity of human and mouse γδ T-cell subsets, 1-3 the increasing knowledge on γδ T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-ligand interaction 4,5 together with the exploding interest in cell-based therapeutics stimulated a general interest in γδ T-cells during the last years. 6 One fascinating aspect of γδ T-cells is their Janus-faced nature. Cells with γδ TCRs are found in all classes of jawed vertebrates, yet they can be highly divergent between species and specialized within an organism. There are clear indications for functions in the adaptive immune response, yet they also show features of an innate immune cell. 7

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Section: Genes Encoding the V-domain Antigen Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T‐cells

Herrmann

Karunakaran

Fichtner

2020

Immunological Reviews

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“…Apart from human studies, γδ T cells have been studied extensively in animal models including mice, chicken, dogs, pigs, sheep, cattle, alpaca, dolphins, monkeys (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). The γδ TCR repertoire and function is not universal among the different species (18,24,25). Here we focus on human γδ T cells, building on recent studies that used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to analyze the TCR repertoire in various settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from human studies, γδ T cells have been studied extensively in animal models including mice, chicken, dogs, pigs, sheep, cattle, alpaca, dolphins, and monkeys 18‐23 . The γδ TCR repertoire and function is not universal among the different species 18,24,25 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate and adaptive γδ T cells: How, when, and why

Papadopoulou

Sanchez

Vermijlen

2020

Immunological Reviews

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γδ T cells comprise the third cell lineage of lymphocytes that use, like αβ T cells and B cells, V(D)J gene rearrangement with the potential to generate a highly diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. There is no obvious conservation of γδ T cell subsets (based on TCR repertoire and/or function) between mice and human, leading to the notion that human and mouse γδ T cells are highly different. In this review we focus on human γδ T cells, building on recent studies using highthroughput sequencing to analyze the TCR repertoire in various settings. We make then the comparison with mouse γδ T cell subsets highlighting the similarities and differences and describe the remarkable changes during lifespan of innate and adaptive γδ T cells. Finally, we propose mechanisms contributing to the generation of innate versus adaptive γδ T cells. We conclude that key elements related to the generation of the γδ TCR repertoire and γδ T cell activation/development are conserved between human and mice, highlighting the similarities between these two species.

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“…Although we cannot rule out that these differences are due to allelic polymorphisms, it is possible that sequencing errors may account for the disparity. In both assemblies, as in other mammalian TRG loci [23], the Amphiphysin (AMPH) gene represents the IMGT 5′ borne of the goat TRG1 locus, while, the U6 small nuclear RNA-associated (LSM8) gene, found and at the 3′ end, may be a candidate gene for the IMGT 3′ borne (Fig. 5).…”

Section: Trg1 and Trg2 Genomic Organizationmentioning

confidence: 96%

The expansion of the TRB and TRG genes in domestic goats (Capra hircus) is characteristic of the ruminant species

et al. 2020

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Background Goats (Capra hircus), one of the first domesticated species, are economically important for milk and meat production, and their broad geographical distribution reflects their successful adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Despite the relevance of this species, the genetic research on the goat traits is limited compared to other domestic species. Thanks to the latest goat reference genomic sequence (ARS1), which is considered to be one of the most continuous assemblies in livestock, we deduced the genomic structure of the T cell receptor beta (TRB) and gamma (TRG) loci in this ruminant species. Results Our analyses revealed that although the organization of the goat TRB locus is broadly similar to that of the other artiodactyl species, with three in-tandem D-J-C clusters located at the 3′ end, a complex and extensive series of duplications have occurred in the V genes at the 5′ end, leading to a marked expansion in the number of the TRBV genes. This phenomenon appears to be a feature of the ruminant lineage since similar gene expansions have also occurred in sheep and cattle. Likewise, the general organization of the goat TRG genes is typical of ruminant species studied so far, with two paralogous TRG loci, TRG1 and TRG2, located in two distinct and distant positions on the same chromosome as result of a split in the ancestral locus. Each TRG locus consists of reiterated V-J-J-C cassettes, with the goat TRG2 containing an additional cassette relative to the corresponding sheep and cattle loci. Conclusions Taken together, these findings demonstrate that strong evolutionary pressures in the ruminant lineage have selected for the development of enlarged sets of TRB and TRG genes that contribute to a diverse T cell receptor repertoire. However, differences observed among the goat, sheep and cattle TRB and TRG genes indicate that distinct evolutionary histories, with independent expansions and/or contractions, have also affected each ruminant species.

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Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals

Cited by 36 publications

References 119 publications

A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T‐cells

A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T‐cells

Innate and adaptive γδ T cells: How, when, and why

The expansion of the TRB and TRG genes in domestic goats (Capra hircus) is characteristic of the ruminant species

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