Evolution of the hemagglutinin gene of H3N8 canine influenza virus in dogs

Pecoraro, Heidi L.; Bennett, Spencer; Spindel, Miranda E.; Landolt, Gabriele A.

doi:10.1007/s11262-014-1102-8

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Furthermore, recent analyses of the amino acid sequence from emerging and contemporary CIV-H3N8 isolates, revealed that significant antigenic drift may have occurred. Altogether since its introduction into the canine population, evolution dynamics studies of CIV-H3N8 suggested that it evolved and diverged into multiple lineages (81).…”

Section: Equine Interspecies Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Virus Infection in Cats and Dogs: A Literature Review in the Light of the “One Health” Concept

Borland

Gracieux

Jones

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Constantly evolving and crossing species barrier, the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges to global health security. During the last decade, considerable attention has been paid to influenza virus infections in dogs, as two canine H3N8 and H3N2 subtypes caused several outbreaks through the United States and Southern Asia, becoming endemic. Cats, even though less documented in the literature, still appear to be susceptible to many avian influenza infections. While influenza epidemics pose a threat to canine and feline health, the risks to humans are largely unknown. Here, we review most recent knowledge of the epidemiology of influenza A viruses in dogs and cats, existing evidences for the abilities of these species to host, sustain intraspecific transmission, and generate novel flu A lineages through genomic reassortment. Such enhanced understanding suggests a need to reinforce surveillance of the role played by companion animals-human interface, in light of the "One Health" concept and the potential emergence of novel zoonotic viruses.

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Section: Equine Interspecies Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Virus Infection in Cats and Dogs: A Literature Review in the Light of the “One Health” Concept

Borland

Gracieux

Jones

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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“…In light of phylogenetic analysis, the CIVs have formed two distinct lineage groups within the IAVs over the last decade—an Asian H3N2 avian-origin lineage and a North American H3N8 equine-origin lineage– as a result of a direct interspecies transmission from different hosts [ 8 – 11 ]. For this reason, the H3N2 CIVs have shown low levels of genetic diversity in the distinct lineage group belonging to the Eurasian avian lineages [ 10 – 20 ]; similarly, H3N8 CIVs have formed a single monophyletic group separated from the H3N8 equine lineage [ 8 , 9 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until earlier this year, the geographic distribution of H3N2 CIV had been limited to Asian regions, such as the Republic of Korea, China, and Thailand [ 10 , 12 – 17 , 19 , 20 ]; however, since the first outbreak in dogs in the USA in April 2015, it has rapidly spread to other Midwestern location from Chicago [ 22 , 23 ]. In contrast, H3N8 CIV has undergone a discontinuous distribution in three disjunctive continental areas: the USA [ 21 ] since 2004, Australia in 2007 [ 24 ], and the United Kingdom in 2002 [ 25 ]. Although the long-distance transmission of CIVs has occurred across continents and country boundaries in recent years, the transmission mechanism and reassortment events through space and time remain unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analyses of H3N2 canine influenza viruses isolated from Korea during 2013–2014

Lee

Kim

et al. 2016

Virus Genes

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Canine influenza A virus (CIV) causes a respiratory disease among dog populations and is prevalent in North America and Asia. Recently, Asian H3N2 CIV infection has been of particular concern, with recent reports related to reassortants with pandemic 2009 strains, direct transmission from a human H3N2, a possibility of H3N2 CIV transmission to other mammals, and even the first outbreak of H3N2 CIVs in North America in April 2015. However, despite these global concerns, our understanding of how influenza A virus transmission impacts the overall populations of H3N2 CIVs remains incomplete. Hence, we investigated the evolutionary history of the most recent two Korean CIV isolates, A/canine/Korea/BD-1/2013 and A/canine/Korea/DG1/2014, along with 57 worldwide CIVs, using comprehensive molecular analyses based on genomic genotyping. This study presents that the new Korean CIV isolates are closely related to the predominantly circulating H3N2 CIVs with genotypes K, G, E, 3B, F, 2D, F, and 1E, carrying several mutations in antigenic and host determinant sites. Also, our findings show that the genome-wide genetic variations within the H3N2 CIVs are low; however, two antigenic protein (HA and NA) analysis demonstrates genetic diversification of the H3N2 CIVs, which evolves independently between Korea and China.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11262-015-1274-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Equine-origin H3N8 and avian-origin H3N2 influenza viruses are capable of adaptation to canine populations and have established stable lineages in America, Europe, and Asia (4,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). H3N8 CIVs have predominantly circulated in the United States since 2004 (2,17), and H3N2 CIVs are responsible for the bulk of infections in China and South Korea (4,18). Recently, it was determined that gene segment 3 of influenza A viruses encodes not only the polymerase acidic (PA) protein but also a novel protein, PA-X, that is translated as a ϩ1 frameshifted open reading frame (X-ORF) extension of the growing PA polypeptide (19,20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Truncation of PA-X Contributes to Virulence and Transmission of H3N8 and H3N2 Canine Influenza Viruses in Dogs

Liu

Song

Shen

et al. 2020

J Virol

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Equine-origin H3N8 and avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs) prevalent in dogs are thought to pose a public health threat arising from intimate contact between dogs and humans. However, our understanding of CIV virulence is still limited. Influenza A virus PA-X is a fusion protein encoded in part by a +1 frameshifted open reading frame (X-ORF) in segment 3. The X-ORF can be translated in full-length (61-amino-acid) or truncated (41-amino-acid) form. Genetic analysis indicated that the X-ORFs of equine H3N8 and avian H3N2 influenza viruses encoded 61 amino acids but were truncated after introduction into dogs. To determine the effect of PA-X truncation on the biological characteristics of CIVs, we constructed four recombinant viruses on H3N8 and H3N2 CIV backgrounds bearing truncated or full-length PA-Xs. We observed that truncation of PA-X increased growth of both H3N8 and H3N2 CIVs in MDCK cells and suppressed expression from cotransfected plasmids in MDCK cells. Furthermore, truncation of PA-X enhanced viral pathogenicity in dogs, as shown by aggravated clinical symptoms and histopathological changes, increased viral replication in the respiratory system, and prolonged virus shedding. Additionally, CIVs with truncated PA-Xs were transmitted more efficiently in dogs. Global gene expression profiling of the lungs of infected dogs revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with inﬂammatory responses, which might contribute to the pathogenicity of PA-X-truncated CIVs. Our findings revealed that truncation of PA-X might be important for the adaptation of influenza viruses to dogs. IMPORTANCE Epidemics of equine-origin H3N8 and avian-origin H3N2 influenza viruses in canine populations are examples of successful cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses. Genetic analysis showed that the PA-X genes of equine H3N8 or avian H3N2 influenza viruses were full-length, with X-ORFs encoding 61 amino acids; however, those of equine-origin H3N8 or avian-origin H3N2 CIVs were truncated, suggesting that PA-X truncation occurred after transmission to dogs. In this study, we extended the PA-X genes of H3N8 and H3N2 CIVs and compared the biological characteristics of CIVs bearing different lengths of PA-X. We demonstrated that for both H3N8 and H3N2 viruses, truncation of PA-X increased virus yields in MDCK cells and enhanced viral replication, pathogenicity, and transmission in dogs. These results might reflect enhanced suppression of host gene expression and upregulation of genes related to inflammatory responses. Collectively, our data partially explain the conservation of truncated PA-X in CIVs.

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Evolution of the hemagglutinin gene of H3N8 canine influenza virus in dogs

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Influenza A Virus Infection in Cats and Dogs: A Literature Review in the Light of the “One Health” Concept

Influenza A Virus Infection in Cats and Dogs: A Literature Review in the Light of the “One Health” Concept

Molecular analyses of H3N2 canine influenza viruses isolated from Korea during 2013–2014

Truncation of PA-X Contributes to Virulence and Transmission of H3N8 and H3N2 Canine Influenza Viruses in Dogs

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