Evolution of the 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence

Bannister, Stephen; Gledhill, Ken

doi:10.1080/00288306.2012.680475

Cited by 104 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…1) started with the M w 7.1 Darfield earthquake on 4 September 2010 (Bannister and Gledhill, 2012). A series of aftershocks followed until 22 February 2011, when the most devastating M w 6.2 Christchurch earthquake occurred (Kaiser et al, 2012), resulting in 185 fatalities and substantial financial losses.…”

Section: Tectonic Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1; Bannister and Gledhill, 2012;Kaiser et al, 2012), produced extensive liquefaction in Christchurch City and the surrounding area (Cubrinovski and Green, 2010;Cubrinovski et al, 2011;Ward et al, 2011;Brackley, 2012;Kaiser et al, 2012;Reid et al, 2012;Bastin et al, 2013Bastin et al, , 2015Quigley et al, 2013;Townsend et al, 2016). Prior to 2010, moderate historical earthquakes had induced liquefaction in the Canterbury region (e.g., the 1901 M w 6.8 Cheviot earthquake; Berrill et al, 1994), and liquefaction susceptibility maps of Christchurch have been available for decades (e.g., Elder et al, 1991, and others; for details, see Brackley, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Villamor¹,

Almond²,

Tuttle³

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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Liquefaction features and the geologic environment in which they formed were carefully studied at two sites near Lincoln in southwest Christchurch. We undertook geomorphic mapping, excavated trenches, and obtained hand cores in areas with surficial evidence for liquefaction and areas where no surficial evidence for liquefaction was present at two sites (Hardwick and Marchand). The liquefaction features identified include (1) sand blows (singular and aligned along linear fissures), (2) blisters or injections of subhorizontal dikes into the topsoil, (3) dikes related to the blows and blisters, and (4) a collapse structure. The spatial distribution of these surface liquefaction features correlates strongly with the ridges of scroll bars in meander settings. In addition, we discovered paleoliquefaction features, including several dikes and a sand blow, in excavations at the sites of modern liquefaction. The paleoliquefaction event at the Hardwick site is dated at A.D. 908-1336 , and the one at the Marchand site is dated at A.D. 1017-1840 (95% confidence intervals of probability density functions obtained by Bayesian analysis). If both events are the same, given proximity of the sites, the time of the event is A.D. 1019-1337. If they are not, the one at the Marchand site could have been much younger. Taking into account a preliminary liquefaction-triggering threshold of equivalent peak ground acceleration for an M w 7.5 event (PGA 7:5 ) of 0:07g, existing magnitude-bounded relations for paleoliquefaction, and the timing of the paleoearthquakes and the potential PGA 7:5 estimated for regional faults, we propose that the Porters Pass fault, Alpine fault, or the subduction zone faults are the most likely sources that could have triggered liquefaction at the study sites. There are other nearby regional faults that may have been the source, but there is no paleoseismic data with which to make the temporal link.Online Material: Figures showing areas of liquefaction, trench logs, information on dike and sand-blow parameters, dike azimuths, core logs, radiocarbon samples, and OxCal analysis, and tables detailing units exposed in the trenches and stereonets.

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Section: Tectonic Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Villamor¹,

Almond²,

Tuttle³

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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“…This main event produced most of the reported EQL. There were many thousand aftershocks (Bannister and Gledhill, 2012). A later event triggered by the first earthquake (Stramondo et al, 2011), was on 22-Feb-2011, at 12:51:42 PM, local time, 23:51:42 UT, M6.1, 6 km deep (USGS, 2011) and very close to Christchurch, on the Lyttelton or Port Hills fault (increasing detail in Figures 1, 2, 3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of Earthquake Light Associated with Earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, 2010-2011

Whitehead

Ulusoy

2015

Earth sci. res. j.

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Earthquake light (EQL) mainly blue-white flashes from the ground, was observed coseismically during a New Zealand M7.1 earthquake, (4.47 am 4-Sep-2010 local time). A local production mechanism is most probable. The blue-white flash observations support the Freund et al. mechanism, i.e. shockwave disturbance creating electronic "holes" from ruptured peroxy bonds in quartz, and subsequent surface positive charge from the ground, followed by light emission during neutralization. Examination of video records shows the flash median length is about half a second and needs to be differentiated from the light during electricity supply short circuits. Observed ground-level white colors appear to result from very intense non-specific air ionization. Blue colors seem to be nitrogen emission with a short lifetime, succeeded by green oxygen emissions with longer lifetime followed by much lower intensity red. These were created by transient low-to-moderate voltages and probably include significant UV production. The maximum likely radiation dose is small, restricted to the skin, and equivalent at most to a few months natural background radiation. Calculations confirm the release of 222 Rn is not the major mechanism for creating earthquake light, and would contribute minimal radiation dose. Other unique observations are: streamers of light changing from blue to green as they passed from west to east, vertical sheets of blue-green light from cracks in an asphalt road surface, created by local shockwaves and shearing forces, daylight observation by fishermen of rapid linear undersea travel of blue light seconds before a 2011 M6.0 aftershock, and a mid-day green-blue glow over nearby hills containing a fault zone, shortly before the further destructive M6.3 earthquake, (12.51 pm 22-Feb-2011).Las luces de terremoto o EQL (del inglés "Earth Quake Light") son principalmente azul blancas y fueron cosísmicamente observadas durante un terremoto de magnitud 7.1 en Nueva Zelanda (4:47 a.m., 4 de septiembre de 2010, hora local). Es muy probable que el fenómeno haya sido producto de un mecanismo local. Las observaciones del destello azul blanco coinciden con el mecanismo de Freund y otros, esto es, la alteración de un movimiento sísmico que crea "agujeros" electrónicos a partir de lazos de ácido peroxi rotos en cuarzos, con carga positiva superficial consecuente del suelo, y seguida por la emisión de luz durante la neutralización. La revisión de grabaciones de video muestra que la duración del destello es de cerca de medio segundo y debe ser diferenciado de la luz generada por los cortos circuitos del fluido eléctrico. Los colores blancos observados a nivel del terreno parecen resultar de una intensa ionización aérea no específica. Los colores azules serían emisiones de nitrógeno con un corto período de duración, sucedidas por emisiones de oxígeno verde de mayor duración y seguidas por un rojo mucho menos intenso. Estos colores fueron creados por voltajes transitorios de bajo a moderados y probablemente incluyen una producción significativ...

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“…The Canterbury earthquake sequence began with the M w 7.1 Darfield earthquake on 3 September 2010, and, since then, over 11,000 aftershocks have been recorded (Bannister and Gledhill, 2012). The majority of the events were in close proximity to Christchurch, New Zealand's second largest city (population ∼377;000), and as a result, an exceptionally large dataset of near-source strong-motion recordings has been collected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard-Site 0 (Kappa) Calculations for Christchurch, New Zealand, and Comparison with Local Ground-Motion Prediction Models

Houtte¹,

Ktenidou²,

Larkin³

et al. 2014

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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The 2010 Canterbury earthquake sequence generated a large number of near-source earthquake recordings, with the vast majority of large events occurring within 30 km of Christchurch, New Zealand's second largest city. We utilize the dataset to estimate the site attenuation parameter, κ 0 , at seven rock and stiff-soil stations in New Zealand's GeoNet seismic network. As part of this study, an orientationindependent definition of κ is proposed to minimize the influence of observed highfrequency 2D site effects. Minimum magnitude limits for the traditional high-frequency fitting method are proposed, based on the effect of the source corner frequency. A dependence of κ 0 on ground-shaking level is also observed, in which events with large peak ground accelerations (PGAs) have lower κ 0 values than events with small PGAs. This observation is not fully understood, but if such a trend holds in future investigations, it may influence how κ 0 is used in hazard assessments for critical facilities. κ 0 values calculated from Fourier amplitude spectra of acceleration (κ 0;AS ) are compared with the native κ 0 of local, empirical, ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs), calculated using the inverse random vibration theory method (κ 0;IRVT ). κ 0;IRVT is found to be independent of magnitude and distance and agrees with the average κ 0;AS for the region. κ 0;IRVT does not scale strongly with V S30 , indicating that current GMPEs may be capturing the average kappa effect through the V S30 scaling. The results from this study are of particular interest for site-specific ground-motion prediction studies as well as for GMPE adjustments between different regions or rock types.

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Evolution of the 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence

Abstract: We present an overview of the evolution of the 2010Á2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence, summarising the findings from a broad range of studies on the larger earthquakes. The sequence began with the M W 7

Cited by 104 publications

References 29 publications

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Origin of Earthquake Light Associated with Earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, 2010-2011

Hard-Site 0 (Kappa) Calculations for Christchurch, New Zealand, and Comparison with Local Ground-Motion Prediction Models

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