EVOLUTION OF SEX DETERMINATION SYSTEMS WITH HETEROGAMETIC MALES AND FEMALES IN<i>SILENE</i>

Flower scents are complex blends of volatile compounds often shaped by selection pressures exerted by mutualistic and antagonistic interaction partners, but also by phylogenetic constraints. So far, little is known about the relative effect of selection and phylogenetic signal on scent patterns, and no study to date analyzed the phylogenetic signal in multivariate semiquantitative scent patterns. We analyzed the phylogenetic signal in qualitative and semi-quantitative patterns of flower scents in 47 Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae) species using phylogenetic principal component analysis (pPCA) and several indices of univariate and multivariate phylogenetic signal. As previous results showed that Sileneae species are visited by diurnal and nocturnal pollinators and flower scents also vary along the day, we compared the phylogenetic signal between night and day. Multivariate pPCA analyses identified compounds that correlate with the phylogeny at both night and day; however, multivariate Bloomberg 0 s K detected phylogenetic signal in the dataset of night scents, but not of day scents. In multivariate qualitative datasets, phylogenetic signal was neither found for day nor for night scents. In univariate analyses, phylogenetic signal was detected for some compounds both for day and night scents. Overall, we found that the phylogenetic signal is stronger in night compared to day scents, which might be owed to the different guilds of pollinators at day and night. At day, the phylogenetic resemblance of Sileneae scents might be masked by or disappear due to divergent selective pressures exerted by a diverse guild of pollinators on the different species. In contrast, we hypothesize that the nocturnal moth pollinators exert similar selective pressures; thus, the phylogenetic similarity of scent profiles might be conserved. Future studies of scent phylogenetic signal must consider not only the usage of qualitative measures but also semiquantitative analyses.

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“…Siphonomorpha, as suggested by Slancarova et al. (), and were not a clade within subgen. Silene (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Comparative analyses of flower scent in Sileneae reveal a contrasting phylogenetic signal between night and day emissions

Prieto‐Benítez

Millanes

Dötterl

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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“…This single-species designation was based on the lack of any discernable geographic pattern of variation in morphological tendencies, mainly based on vegetative traits (Jeanmonod and Bocquet 1983). In the same genus, the dioecious species S. latifolia and S. dioica, which diverged more than 1.5 My ago (Slancarova et al 2013), have been described as fully cross fertile (Karrenberg and Favre 2008), even though postzygotic isolation that follows Haldane's rule, lower fitness of the hybrids of the heterogametic sex, has been documented (Brothers and Delph 2010). We now know that the geographical distribution of the genetically differentiated lineages exhibits a clear pattern that can be assigned to Quaternary climate oscillations, that is fewer than 1 My ago .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lineages ofSilene nutansdeveloped rapid, strong, asymmetric postzygotic reproductive isolation in allopatry

et al. 2017

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Reproductive isolation can rise either as a consequence of genomic divergence in allopatry or as a byproduct of divergent selection in parapatry. To determine whether reproductive isolation in gynodioecious Silene nutans results from allopatric divergence or from ecological adaptation following secondary contact, we investigated the pattern of postzygotic reproductive isolation and hybridization in natural populations using two phylogeographic lineages, western (W1) and eastern (E1). Experimental crosses between the lineages identified strong, asymmetric postzygotic isolation between the W1 and the E1 lineages, independent of geographic overlap. The proportion of ovules fertilized, seeds aborted, and seeds germinated revealed relatively little effect on the fitness of hybrids. In contrast, hybrid mortality was high and asymmetric: while half of the hybrid seedlings with western lineage mothers died, nearly all hybrid seedlings with E1 mothers died. This asymmetric mortality mirrored the proportion of chlorotic seedlings, and is congruent with cytonuclear incompatibility. We found no evidence of hybridization between the lineages in regions of co-occurrence using nuclear and plastid markers. Together, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that strong postzygotic reproductive isolation involving cytonuclear incompatibilities arose in allopatry. We argue that the dynamics of cytonuclear gynodioecy could facilitate the evolution of reproductive isolation.

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“…Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the XY nonrecombining region, previously identified in the dioecious Phoenix dactylifera (Cherif et al ., ), originated prior to the diversification of Phoenix lineages, implying a common origin of the sex‐determining region in these species. The evolution of sex chromosomes in the genus Phoenix contrasts with well‐established model species, especially the genus Silene for which diverse scenarios of sex‐determining systems evolution were reported, that is sex chromosomes evolving after the speciation in S. latifolia and S. dioica (Nicolas et al ., ), independent origins for a sex‐determination region among related dioecious species S. latifolia and S. colpophylla in which sex chromosomes have evolved from different pairs of autosomes (Mrackova et al .,) and a common recent evolutionary origin of dioecy in S. colpophylla and S. otites followed by a change of the sex‐determination system from XX/XY to ZZ/ZW (Slancarova et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of sex chromosomes prior to speciation in the dioecious Phoenix species

Cherif

Zehdi-Azouzi

Crabos

et al. 2016

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Understanding the driving forces and molecular processes underlying dioecy and sex chromosome evolution, leading from hermaphroditism to the occurrence of male and female individuals, is of considerable interest in fundamental and applied research. The genus Phoenix, belonging to the Arecaceae family, consists uniquely of dioecious species. Phylogenetic data suggest that the genus Phoenix has diverged from a hermaphroditic ancestor which is also shared with its closest relatives. We have investigated the cessation of recombination in the sex-determination region within the genus Phoenix as a whole by extending the analysis of P. dactylifera SSR sex-related loci to eight other species within the genus. Phylogenetic analysis of a date palm sex-linked PdMYB1 gene in these species has revealed that sex-linked alleles have not clustered in a species-dependent way but rather in X and Y-allele clusters. Our data show that sex chromosomes evolved from a common autosomal origin before the diversification of the extant dioecious species.

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EVOLUTION OF SEX DETERMINATION SYSTEMS WITH HETEROGAMETIC MALES AND FEMALES INSILENE

Cited by 44 publications

References 72 publications

Comparative analyses of flower scent in Sileneae reveal a contrasting phylogenetic signal between night and day emissions

Comparative analyses of flower scent in Sileneae reveal a contrasting phylogenetic signal between night and day emissions

Lineages ofSilene nutansdeveloped rapid, strong, asymmetric postzygotic reproductive isolation in allopatry

Evolution of sex chromosomes prior to speciation in the dioecious Phoenix species

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