Evolution of Early Cenozoic marine temperatures

Abstract

The equator to high southern latitude sea surface and vertical temperature gradients are reconstructed from oxygen isotope values of planktonic and benthic foraminifers for the following five time intervals: late Paleocene, early Eocene, early middle Eocene, late Eocene, and early Oligocene. Paleotemperatures are calculated using standard oxygen isotope/temperature equations with adjustments to account for (1) variations in sea water δ18O related to changes in global ice volume over time and (2) latitudinal gradients in surface water δ18O. These reconstructions indicate that sea‐surface temperatures (SST) of the Southern Oceans in the early Eocene were as high as 15°C, whereas temperatures during the late Paleocene and early middle Eocene reached maximum levels of 10°–12°C. By the late Eocene and early Oligocene high latitude SST had declined to 6 and 4°C, respectively. For most of the early Paleogene, low latitude sub‐tropical temperatures remained constant and well within the range of Holocene temperatures (24°ndash;25°C) but by the late Eocene and early Oligocene declined to values in the range of 18° to 22°C. The late Paleogene apparent decline in tropical temperatures, however, might be artificial because of dissolution of near‐surface foraminifera tests which biased sediment assemblages toward deeper‐dwelling foraminifera. Moreover, according to recent plate reconstructions, it appears that the majority of sites upon which the late Eocene and early Oligocene tropical temperatures were previously established were located either in or near regions likely to have been influenced by upwelling. Global deepwater temperature on average paralleled southern ocean SST for most of the Paleogene. We speculate based on the overall timing and character of marine sea surface temperature variation during the Paleogene that some combination of both higher levels of greenhouse gases and increased heat transport was responsible for the exceptional high‐latitude warmth of the early Eocene.

Warm climate transitions: A general circulation modeling study of the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum (∼56 Ma)

“…However, our estimates of the heat transport by these circulations are severely limited by the lack of proxydata constraints on spatial (especially cross-gyre) gradients in SSTs. Further work on this aspect of proxy-data sampling [e.g., Zachos et al, 1994;Andreasson and Schmitz, 1998] is instrumental in testing hypotheses explaining high-latitude warmth.…”

Effect of seafloor temperature and pressure variations on methane flux from a gas hydrate layer: Comparison between current and late Paleocene climate conditions

“…During the period around the LPTM the average ocean bottom temperature was -11 øC and it was increased to at least 15øC during the LPTM [Kennett and Stott; 1991; Zachos et al, 1993Zachos et al, , 1994]. At such a high seafloor temperature, methane hydrates are stable only at shallow depths within the sediments and thus might be dissociated completely by a long-lasting positive temperature disturbance [Dickens et al, 1995].…”

Modeling the influence of a reduced equator-to-pole sea surface temperature gradient on the distribution of water isotopes in the Early/Middle Eocene

“…The Early to Middle Eocene was one of the warmest intervals of the Cenozoic, with little or no polar terrestrial ice, global mean surface temperatures much warmer than present, deep sea temperatures 10°C warmer than present (Sloan and Barron, 1992;Zachos et al, 1993Zachos et al, , 1994Sloan, 1994;Greenwood and Wing, 1995;Jahren and Sternberg, 2003), and atmospheric pCO 2 in the range of 400-3500 ppm (Pearson and Palmer, 2000). During a 1.2 Myr period 49 Ma ago, the free floating aquatic fern Azolla grew and reproduced in the Eocene Arctic Speelman et al, 2009a), indicating that the surface waters of the Arctic Basin freshened considerably.…”