Evolution of Blast Furnace Process toward Reductant Flexibility and Carbon Dioxide Mitigation in Steel Works

A Mechanism Model for Accurately Estimating Carbon Emissions on a Micro Scale of Iron-making System

“…14) Some new metallurgical approaches such as the nuclear hydrogen steel-making process with VHTR-IS and the low reducing agent operation conditions of blast furnaces were proved effective on mitigating and reducing the carbon emissions via establishing and using various mathematic model such as the process flow model, flow sheet model and DEM-CFD (Discrete Element Method -Computational Fluid Dynamics) model, under the law of mass and energy conservation. [15][16][17] The DEM is a Discrete Element Method for establishing the kinematic model of unsteady solid burden in furnaces and tracking the behaviors of particles by solving motion equations of all solid particles. For further motion details of the particles in the furnace gas, the CFD model is offered under the dynamic laws of gas flows in the blast furnace.…”

Steel Gases as Ancient and Modern Challenging Resource; Historical Review, Description of the Present, and a Daring Vision

“…In all possible designs of BFs are given. According to the authors the so called advanced oxygen blast furnace, which basically – besides pulverized coal – uses natural gas in order to minimize CO 2 is most promising since it maintains the needed energy supply.…”

“…According to the authors the so called advanced oxygen blast furnace, which basically – besides pulverized coal – uses natural gas in order to minimize CO 2 is most promising since it maintains the needed energy supply. Further due to the high productivity the volume can be downsized resulting in energy savings in sintering and coking processes .…”

“…It is based upon complete combustion of the coke oven gas at the coke ovens with the surplus heat converted to electricity. Combustion completely destroys the organics, eliminating the need for by‐product processing plants, however, post‐combustion treatment of the flue gas is required to prevent emission of sulphur oxides and NOx , , .…”

Alto Forno 01 Da Arcelormittal Tubarão: 20 Milhões De Toneladas

“…Os resultados obtidos especificamente no Alto Forno 1 foram melhores do que a meta planejada, conforme mostrado nas Figura 6 e 7. próximo a 490 kg/t), permitindo assim a sustentabilidade econômica do projeto com projeção de redução ainda maiordas metas de CR (Figura 7).Para alcançar os níveis de CR, FR e também de produtividade, onde uma projeção de 2018 indica patamares de 2,22 t/d/m³ (volume interno), conforme Figura 8, foram tomadas diversas ações para atingir e perenizar estes resultados. Para altas taxas de injeção de carvão e baixo CR, há necessidade de, principalmente, melhorar a qualidade do coque, pois o carvão não consegue cumprir todas as funções do coque, principalmente de permeabilizar e suportar a coluna de carga, e que a partir de certos valores de PCR pode ocorrer diminuição da taxa de substituição do carvão causando elevação do combustível total (Fuel Rate -FR) e, por isso, deve-se avaliar o custo final desta operação[5,6,7,8,9]. Redução do Volume de Escória: proporciona menor distúrbio à permeabilidade no cadinho (circulação de líquidos), logo, objetiva-se menor %SiO 2 dos minérios, maior %Fe do sinter (56 a 58%), menor %cinza dos combustíveis (menor que 12,0%)[5,6,12,15];…”