Evolution of Biotelemetry in Medical Devices: From Radio Pills to mm-Scale Implants

Valente, Virgilio

doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3190767

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…We will show that FSK is also advantageous compared to ASK when considering interference and a fading channel, for example, due to patient movements. Similar approaches have already been described for inductive links ([21], [12]). A similar approach for ultrasonic uplinks was also recently proposed in [18] by Ghanbari, Piech, Shen, et al ., but the subcarriers were used as a means of Code Division Multiplexing (CDM), to receive data from several im-plants simultaneously.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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A Robust Backscatter Modulation Scheme for Uninterrupted Ultrasonic Powering and Back-Communication of Deep Implants

Holzapfel

Giagka

2022

Preprint

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Traditionally, active implants are powered by batteries, which, when discharged, have to be either replaced or recharged by an inductive power link. In the recent years, ultrasonic power links are also being investigated, as they promise more available power for deeply implanted miniaturized devices. Such devices often need to transfer information back, for example sensor data or some status information of the implant. For ultrasonically powered implants, this data transfer is usually achieved with On- Off Keying (OOK) based on load or backscatter modulation, or active driving of a secondary transducer. In this paper, we propose to superimpose OOK with subcarriers, effectively leveraging Frequency-Shift Keying, which increases the robustness of the link against interference from other nearby scatterers and fading, due to patient movements, for example. This approach also allows for simultaneous powering and communication, and inherently provides the possibility of frequency domain multiplexing to address individual nodes in implant networks. The proposed modulation scheme can be implemented in miniaturized application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and microcontrollers, with little additional complexity. We have validated this communication scheme in a water tank setup during continuous ultrasound powering. In these experiments we achieved symbol rates of up to 100 kBd (limited in this implementation by the selected microcontroller), were able to detect the modulated signal when placing the implant transducer about 4 cm away from the focal axis and showed that this modulation scheme is more robust than OOK. This approach could provide a more stable uplink communication, particularly for miniaturized implanted devices that are located deep inside the body and need continuous ultrasonic powering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For power-aware or battery-less miniaturized implants, custom wireless electromagnetic or ultrasonic communication links are state-of-the-art. A comprehensive overview of existing methodologies for mm-sized networked implants can be found in [11], [12] and [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Robust Backscatter Modulation Scheme for Uninterrupted Ultrasonic Powering and Back-Communication of Deep Implants

Holzapfel

Giagka

2022

Preprint

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to existing semiconductor microelectronics-based swallowable devices used for monitoring pressure, temperature, and pH levels, optical-based swallowable capsules are still in their early development stages but offer distinct advantages. , These optical capsules possess extensive functionality, as they can encode various biomarker parameters into different optical features. This has led to significant advancements in the development of capsule devices that combine scattering spectrometry, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, and confocal microendoscopy capabilities. , Optical capabilities also extend to precise disease treatment through optical therapy, effective regulation of cellular activity via light stimulation, controlled drug release through photodegradation, and fine-tuning medical device functionality. , Furthermore, optical systems exhibit superior anti-interference properties.…”

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confidence: 99%

Optical Integration in Wearable, Implantable and Swallowable Healthcare Devices

Yi,

Hou,

Liu

2023

ACS Nano

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Recent advances in materials and semiconductor technologies have led to extensive research on optical integration in wearable, implantable, and swallowable health devices. These optical systems utilize the properties of light�intensity, wavelength, polarization, and phase�to monitor and potentially intervene in various biological events. The potential of these devices is greatly enhanced through the use of multifunctional optical materials, adaptable integration processes, advanced optical sensing principles, and optimized artificial intelligence algorithms. This synergy creates many possibilities for clinical applications. This Perspective discusses key opportunities, challenges, and future directions, particularly with respect to sensing modalities, multifunctionality, and the integration of miniaturized optoelectronic devices. We present fundamental insights and illustrative examples of such devices in wearable, implantable, and swallowable forms. The constant pursuit of innovation and the dedicated approach to critical challenges are poised to influence diverse fields.

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NeuroDots: From Single-Target to Brain-Network Modulation: Why and What Is Needed?

De Ridder,

Siddiqi,

Dauwels

et al. 2024

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface

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Evolution of Biotelemetry in Medical Devices: From Radio Pills to mm-Scale Implants

Cited by 5 publications

References 158 publications

A Robust Backscatter Modulation Scheme for Uninterrupted Ultrasonic Powering and Back-Communication of Deep Implants

A Robust Backscatter Modulation Scheme for Uninterrupted Ultrasonic Powering and Back-Communication of Deep Implants

Optical Integration in Wearable, Implantable and Swallowable Healthcare Devices

NeuroDots: From Single-Target to Brain-Network Modulation: Why and What Is Needed?

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