Abstract:The evolution of 84 volcanoes in the Philippines is outlined geomorphologically on the basis of interpretations of volcanic landforms using aerial photographs, topographic maps, satellite images, and geomorphological and geological field surveys. Fifty-six stratovolcanoes, three caldera, three lava domes, four scoria cones, four lava fields, and 10 shield volcanoes are identified. Large basaltic volcanoes such as lava fields and shield volcanoes were found unexpectedly in subduction zones. No lava field or shi… Show more
“…Recent advances in remote sensing enable unprecedented observation of volcano surfaces and degassing from space. We depart from previous volcano classifications (e.g., Neumann van Padang 1951 ; Moriya 1979 , 2014 ; Hone et al 2007 ; Siebert et al 2010 ), propose a new classification scheme that considers both a volcano’s morphology and its known eruption and degassing history, and use the new classification to provide proxy data from which we make new estimates of decadal and longer term probabilities of larger volcanic explosivity index (VEI) eruptions in Southeast Asia. Fig.…”
There are ~750 active and potentially active volcanoes in Southeast Asia. Ash from eruptions of volcanic explosivity index 3 (VEI 3) and smaller pose mostly local hazards while eruptions of VEI ≥ 4 could disrupt trade, travel, and daily life in large parts of the region. We classify Southeast Asian volcanoes into five groups, using their morphology and, where known, their eruptive history and degassing style. Because the eruptive histories of most volcanoes in Southeast Asia are poorly constrained, we assume that volcanoes with similar morphologies have had similar eruption histories. Eruption histories of well-studied examples of each morphologic class serve as proxy histories for understudied volcanoes in the class. From known and proxy eruptive histories, we estimate that decadal probabilities of VEI 4–8 eruptions in Southeast Asia are nearly 1.0, ~0.6, ~0.15, ~0.012, and ~0.001, respectively.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…Recent advances in remote sensing enable unprecedented observation of volcano surfaces and degassing from space. We depart from previous volcano classifications (e.g., Neumann van Padang 1951 ; Moriya 1979 , 2014 ; Hone et al 2007 ; Siebert et al 2010 ), propose a new classification scheme that considers both a volcano’s morphology and its known eruption and degassing history, and use the new classification to provide proxy data from which we make new estimates of decadal and longer term probabilities of larger volcanic explosivity index (VEI) eruptions in Southeast Asia. Fig.…”
There are ~750 active and potentially active volcanoes in Southeast Asia. Ash from eruptions of volcanic explosivity index 3 (VEI 3) and smaller pose mostly local hazards while eruptions of VEI ≥ 4 could disrupt trade, travel, and daily life in large parts of the region. We classify Southeast Asian volcanoes into five groups, using their morphology and, where known, their eruptive history and degassing style. Because the eruptive histories of most volcanoes in Southeast Asia are poorly constrained, we assume that volcanoes with similar morphologies have had similar eruption histories. Eruption histories of well-studied examples of each morphologic class serve as proxy histories for understudied volcanoes in the class. From known and proxy eruptive histories, we estimate that decadal probabilities of VEI 4–8 eruptions in Southeast Asia are nearly 1.0, ~0.6, ~0.15, ~0.012, and ~0.001, respectively.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The Pampanga River basin, which is the second largest drainage basin on Luzon Island (Republic of the Philippines) , frequently suffers from severe flood events, caused by monsoon rainfall and typhoon strikes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine local flood characteristics and potential flood vulnerability, based on the basin's geography (e.g., distribution of topography, land use and past flood records) . Our land classification shows that the basin consists of three major topographic regions: mountain and hill, volcano, and alluvial plain. The mountain and hill region is further divided into topographic units of mountain and hill, and volcano region is subdivided into volcanic slope, volcanic piedmont gentle slope, and volcanic fan. On the other hand, the alluvial plain is divided into fan, terrace, back marsh, swamp, delta, valley plain, natural levee, meander scroll, and former channel. In the upper alluvial plain, the supply of sediments, triggered by the Philippine Fault activities, contributes to a southwestern fan I, fan II and terrace II development on the western side of the Pampanga River. Terrace I and terrace II on the other hand, develop in western direction on the eastern side of the Pampanga River. Owing to the mountains, hills, and volcanoes that surround the alluvial plain, its width is reduced to 20 km at Arayat. As a consequence, floodwaters easily concentrate and stagnate here, creating the two swamps of San Antonio and Candaba. In the lower portion of the alluvial plain, low gradient bed slopes, land subsidence, and tidal intrusion of sea water enhance poor drainage situations. As a result, floodwaters from Candaba Swamp cannot drain efficiently, causing severe floods. The alluvial plain was divided into four zones (I-IV) , based on the flood patterns that were identified by the geographical conditions of the basin. Floods in zone I and zone II located on the western and eastern side of the Pampanga River are smoothly drained. On the other hand, people in the most downstream flood-prone area (zone III and zone IV) receive much benefit from the cyclic floods by stimulating the agricultural and fishery production, but the deep inundation also damages their houses. Nonetheless, some coexist with the floods seemingly without fear, and did not even evacuate during the largest recent flood event of 2011. The population of the basin is still increasing, and flood risks should be reduced through government-initiated actions. Furthermore, in order for the region's inhabitants to take effective measures to fight flooding and sustain flood-adaptive lifestyles, they should be required to understand the local geographical characteristics and regional flood vulnerability.
“…Even for Pinatubo volcano, which erupted in 1991-1992, "Fire and Mud" (Newhall and Punongbayan, 1996) is the only useful source of information. In the special issue, Moriya (2014) tentatively outlines the evolution of 84 volcanoes on the Philippine islands, based on interpretations of volcanic landforms, and identifies 43 stratovolcanoes, 3 caldera volcanoes accompanied by 4 post-caldera volcanoes, 3 lava domes, 4 scoria cones including 2 maars, 4 lava fields, and 10 shield volcanoes. Volcanoes on the islands are distributed predominantly along the subduction zone of the oceanic plate.…”
The Irosin caldera and Bulusan volcano in the Bulusan Volcanic Complex (BVC) are located at the southeastern end of Luzon Island, the Philippines. This is an overview of all of the papers in the special issue "Geology and Recent Eruptions of Irosin Caldera and Bulusan Volcano, Southern Luzon, Philippines: Parts I and II" and related studies. Moriya (2014) tentatively outlines the evolution of 84 volcanoes on the Philippine Islands. Kobayashi et al. (2014a, b) establish the sequence of calderaforming eruptions. Kobayashi (2014) compares this sequence with that of the Aira caldera in Japan.
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