Evidências de validade da versão brasileira do Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 em contexto de academia e personal training

Abstract

Este estudo teve como objetivos verificar a validade fatorial e a validade interna da versão brasileira do Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (EMI-2) e comparar os principais motivos para prática de exercício tendo em conta os contextos de academia e personal training. Um total de 588 praticantes de exercício da cidade de Pelotas/RS/Brasil (405 de academia e 183 de personal training) preencheram o EMI-2, o qual é constituído por 51 itens, agrupados em 14 motivos (fatores) para prática de exercício físico. A validade fatorial do EMI-2 foi testada através da realização de análises fatoriais confirmatórias e a validade interna através do alfa de Cronbach. Para a verificar o efeito do contexto nos motivos foi utilizada a MANOVA e calculado o tamanho do efeito. Os resultados obtidos dão suporte à estrutura original do EMI-2 com 14 fatores, nesta amostra. Verificou-se um efeito multivariado significativo do contexto sobre os motivos de prática [Wilks' λ = 0.912, F (14, 573.000) = 3.9, p < 0.001, η² = 0.088]. Os motivos de "Prazer", "Força e resistência", "Desafio", "Socialização", "Competição" e "Reconhecimento Social" foram significativamente superiores no contexto de academia e os motivos de "Agilidade" e "Prevenção de Doenças" foram significativamente superiores no contexto de personal training. Palavras-chaves: evidências de validade, análise fatorial confirmatória, EMI-2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the factorial and internal validity of the Brazilian version of Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (EMI-2) and compare the main reasons for exercise training considering the contexts of health clubs and personal training. A total of 588 exercisers of Pelotas city / RS / Brazil (405 from health clubs and 183 from personal training) filled the EMI-2, which consists of 51 items grouped into 14 motives (factors) for exercise. The factorial validity of the EMI-2 was tested by conducting confirmatory factorial analyzes and the internal validity by computing Cronbach's alpha. To verify the effect of the context on the motives it was used the MANOVA test and calculated the effect-size. The results obtained support the EMI-2 original structure of 14 factors in this sample. There was a significant multivariate effect of the context on the motives for exercising [Wilks' λ = 0.912, F (14, 573.000) = 3.9, p < 0.001, η² = 0.088]. The motives of "Pleasure", "Strength and Endurance", "Challenge", "Socialization", "Competition" and "Social Recognition" were significantly higher in the context of health clubs and the motives of "Agility" and "Prevention of Diseases" were significantly higher in the context of personal training.

Examining exercise motives between gender, age and activity: A first-order scale analysis and measurement invariance

“…It is worth to mention that there is virtually no study that has ever tried a second-order analysis on the EMI-2. In fact, past studies have only examined the psychometric properties of each factor individually (Klain et al 2015;Markland and Hardy 1993;Markland and Ingledew 1997). Nevertheless, present findings suggest the EMI-2 to be a reliable instrument on measuring exercise motives in Portuguese exercisers.…”

“…However, this instrument continues to be limited on measuring exercise related-goals compared to other instruments such as the EMI-2 which considers 14 motives (Markland and Ingledew 2007). In this regard, the EMI and latter EMI-2 seems to hold higher validity compared to previous reported scales and has been applied successfully in several research led in the exercise domain, specifically in older adults (Dacey et al 2008), in gym and health center clients (Klain et al 2015), and even in young adults (Ingledew and Markland 2008). Markland and Hardy (1993) created the EMI based on three sources: 1) open-ended responses provided by a sample of regular exercisers, stating three main motives on why they choose to exercise; 2) items rooted within the PIEQ, and; 3) motives reported in the literature.…”

“…First, to the best of our knowledge, no study has ever tested the 51-item scale encompassing all aspirations in one measurement model. Previous studies have conducted exploratory analysis (Markland and Hardy 1993) or confirmatory analysis in each factor individually (Klain et al 2015). Other studies such as Baptista et al (2014) adapted the instrument into a shorter version (14-item) considering only one item per factor, encompassing them into three motives (psychological and physical well-being, health, and social).…”

“…Some for increasing physical fitness (e.g., speed, strength, endurance), others for health-related outcomes (e.g., decrease diabetes side effects), and/or even for social acceptance (e.g., belong to a club). In this regard, individual's characteristics could impact motives for exercise participation (Cid et al 2007;Klain et al 2015). For example Ingledew et al (1998) suggest that women endorse in physical activity mainly for external reasons (e.g., body image, acceptance by others) and men mostly for internal reasons (e.g., enjoyment, health and self-esteem).…”

Exercise motives among university students – A Brazil-Portugal transnational study

“…The EMI was originally developed for English-speaking exercisers ( Markland and Hardy, 1993 ) and then underwent some adaptations for broadening the assessment of motive-related factors and extending its use to non-exercisers. This new version was named EMI-2 ( Markland and Ingledew, 1997 ) and has been translated, adapted, and used in several countries and populations ( Ingledew and Sullivan, 2002 ; Cho et al, 2020 ; Kim and Cho, 2022 ; Vuckovic et al, 2022 ) including Portugal ( Alves and Lourenço, 2003 ) and Brazil ( Klain et al, 2015 ). As any psychometric instrument, before applying the EMI-2 to a specific population, its psychometric properties should be assessed in a sample of the population ( Marôco, 2021a ) to ensure that the collected data is valid and reliable.…”