Evidence supporting an altered immune response in ASD

Mead, Jennifer; Ashwood, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.006

Cited by 142 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…ASD might be correlated with an altered immune response [8, 9], but the importance of immunological factors to the pathophysiology of ASD remains unclear. The available evidence indicates that immunological interactions with ASD are multifactorial and complex, but they involve the family history and autoimmunity and prenatal infections, as well as a changed cytokine profile [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kynurenine Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children

et al. 2017

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Background: There is increasing evidence that altered immune responses play a role in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), together with dysfunction of the serotonergic and glutamatergic systems. Since the kynurenine (KYN) pathway that degrades tryptophan (TRP) is activated in various neuroinflammatory states, we aimed to determine whether this pathway is activated in ASD. Methods: Sixty-five pediatric ASD patients (including 52 boys) were enrolled from an epidemiological survey covering 2 counties in Norway; 30 (46.5%) of these patients were diagnosed with childhood autism, 16 (24.6%) with Asperger syndrome, 12 (18.5%) with atypical autism, 1 (1.5%) with Rett syndrome, and 6 (9.2%) with other ASD. The serum levels of the following markers were measured in the children with ASD and compared to those in 30 healthy children: TRP, KYN, kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine, and quinolinic acid. Results: The mean serum level of KA was significantly lower in the ASD group than in the healthy controls (28.97 vs. 34.44 nM, p = 0.040), while the KYN/KA ratio was significantly higher in the ASD group (61.12 vs. 50.39, p = 0.006). The same relative values were found when comparing the childhood autism subgroup with the controls. Also, the mean serum level of TRP was significantly lower in children with a subdiagnosis of childhood autism than in those with Asperger syndrome (67.26 vs. 77.79 μM, p = 0.020). Conclusion: Our study indicates that there is an increased neurotoxic potential and also a possible lower KYN aminotransferase activity in ASD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kynurenine Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children

et al. 2017

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“…10 Studies evaluating cellular immunity reported altered lymphocyte count, reduced T lymphocyte counts and functions as well as imbalanced helper/suppressor lymphocyte ratio. [11][12][13][14] Growing attention is being paid to altered levels of cytokines and chemokines in plasma or serum but unfortunately consistent findings couldn't have been obtained. Although most of these studies reported different profiles of cytokines or chemokines, current common accepted view is increased proinflammatory and decreased anti-inflammatory mediators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Additionally, numerous studies have found abnormalities of several immune mediators in ASD patients. 2,14,15 Existing literature strongly suggest the role of immune dysregulation in the underlying physiopathology of ASD. 16 Measuring all these inflammatory variables requires expensive and complex processes such as immunoassay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predict autism spectrum disorder?

Kutlu¹,

Binici²

2018

Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg

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“…A dysregulated or abnormal immune response in children with ASD has been considered to play a potential and yet undetermined role in the etiology of autism [4,5] . Immune system abnormalities in children with autism include both enhanced autoimmunity and reduced immune function [6] . One of the most reported immune abnormalities in autistic children include an imbalance of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) [7] and cytokines levels [8] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immune function may also relate to social behavioral outcomes [25] . Numerous published findings have identified widespread differences in the immune systems of children with ASD, both at the systemic and cellular levels [6] . These differences have been associated with impairments in the core features of ASD as well as other aberrant behaviors, decreased adaptability and more impaired cognition in children with ASD [25,26] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary IgA Correlate with Recurrent Respiratory Infections and Hyperreactivity in Children with Autism

Furland

Sindelar²

2016

International Journal of Neurology Research

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AIM: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairment in social interactions, communication deficits, and restricted interests and behaviors. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of the immune system may be involved in the pathophysiology of ASD. The aim of the study was to assess if the severity of clinical and behavioral parameters of autistic children was associated with low levels of secretory IgA (sIgA) in saliva. We hypothesized that a decreased immune response in children with autism would decrease the levels of sIgA, as is the predominant antibody isotype in saliva and a marker of mucosal immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva samples were obtained from 3-10 year-old children with ASD and age-matched typically developing Caucasian children from Patagonia region, Argentina. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Autistic children with reduced levels of salivary IgA had a higher incidence of upper respiratory diseases compared to the controls. The reduction in sIgA levels also correlated inversely with the severity of the behavioral disorders. The patients with the most severe impairment in autism-related behaviors had the lowest levels of sIgA in the cohort studied. These findings suggest that sIgA could be an early indicator and possibly a biomarker of the dysregulation of the immune system in some children with autism. The characterization of immunological parameters in ASD has important implications for detection of a subset of individuals with ASD, and should be considered when designing therapeutic strategies to treat core symptoms and behavioral impairments of ASD.

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Evidence supporting an altered immune response in ASD

Cited by 142 publications

References 98 publications

Kynurenine Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children

Kynurenine Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children

Does increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predict autism spectrum disorder?

Salivary IgA Correlate with Recurrent Respiratory Infections and Hyperreactivity in Children with Autism

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