Does increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio 
predict autism spectrum disorder?

Kutlu, Ayşe; Binici, Nagihan Cevher

doi:10.5455/apd.296339

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The results were consistent with a previous study among ASD children in Turkey (68). Other studies have indicated higher levels of RDW among TD children (67,69). Our study findings showed that ferritin deficiency was higher among ASD children compared to TD children, and higher in ASD boys than ASD girls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…They reported lower MCV among ASD children as a group, while this study found this in ASD boys, but not ASD girls (66,67). Our results indicated that the mean level of WBC was lower among ASD than TD children, and the deficiency was higher among TD children; however, the difference was not significant in our study and previous studies (68,69). ASD boys had a significantly higher mean for RDW than did TD boys.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

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Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children and Determinant Factors of Autism: A Case-Control Study

et al. 2021

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder triggered by several factors, including those of genetic and environmental nature. ASD can alter communication, behavior, and children's nutritional status, placing them at high risk for nutritional imbalances. Therefore, this study aims to assess preschool autistic children's nutritional status as compared to that of Typically Developing (TD) children of the same age. The study also revealed some of the ASD risk factors among the Jordanian population. It included 52 ASD and 51 TD children (3–6 years), and considered sociodemographic, obstetric, and nutritional factors of the two groups, stratified by gender. Nutritional status was evaluated through a comprehensive questionnaire, 3-day food record, and anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Differences between groups were identified using the chi-square and independent-sample t-test. The logistic regression model was used after the adjustment of confounders to detect an autistic child's determinants. The study showed little difference between ASD and TD children with respect to nutrients' intake inadequacy and biochemical-nutritional deficiencies, but did reveal gender-based differences. Autistic girls were at higher risk of inadequate carbohydrate intake, while autistic boys were at higher risk of inadequate vitamin E, vitamin K, and fluoride compared to TD children. More autistic children had been treated in neonatal care units after birth than had TD children. The regression analysis revealed that lower maternal education level (OR, 12.25; 95% CI, 1.18–126.91), vaginal delivery (OR, 0.273; 95% CI, 0.105–0.712), family history of autism (OR, 0.189; 95% CI, 0.059–0.612), and taking dietary supplements during pregnancy (OR, 4.665; 95% CI, 1.158–18.79) were all determinants of ASD in children. In conclusion, maternal nutrition, postnatal conditions, and nutritional status might be contributors to ASD in children. Pre-school children are at high risk for developing nutritional deficiencies. It is therefore important to maintain optimal nutritional status in pregnant patients, and in children after delivery and during early childhood. Future studies that investigate the role of nutrient deficiencies and nutritional interventions in ASD are necessary. Also required are studies that focus on gender differences in the prevalence of ASD, types and severity of symptoms, and ASD nutrition-related problems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children and Determinant Factors of Autism: A Case-Control Study

et al. 2021

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“…Supporting this idea, a significantly higher microglial cell density, and/or a significantly higher expression of microglial cell activation markers, such as CD45, have been repeatedly found in the brain of individuals with ASD [26][27][28]. Moreover, elevated blood levels of monocytes [29][30][31][32][33][34][35], and an increased expression of different monocyte activation markers (e.g., CD96, HLA-DR) have been also demonstrated [36,37]. Abnormal levels of several lymphocyte subpopulations, including natural killer (NK), B, CD8 + T cytotoxic (Tc), and CD4 + T helper (Th) cells have been demonstrated, both in the brain and in the blood of individuals with ASD [25,29,[38][39][40][41].…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Immunoregulatory and/or Anti-inflammatory Agents for the Management of Core and Associated Symptoms in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials

2023

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with a so far poorly understood underlying pathogenesis, and few effective therapies for core symptoms. Accumulating evidence supports an association between ASD and immune/inflammatory processes, arising as a possible pathway for new drug intervention. However, current literature on the efficacy of immunoregulatory/anti-inflammatory interventions on ASD symptoms is still limited. The aim of this narrative review was to summarize and discuss the latest evidence on the use of immunoregulatory and/or anti-inflammatory agents for the management of this condition. During the last 10 years, several randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the effectiveness of (add-on) treatment with prednisolone, pregnenolone, celecoxib, minocycline, N -acetylcysteine (NAC), sulforaphane (SFN), and/or omega-3 fatty acids have been performed. Overall, a beneficial effect of prednisolone, pregnenolone, celecoxib, and/or omega-3 fatty acids on several core symptoms, such as stereotyped behavior , was found. (Add-on) treatment with prednisolone, pregnenolone, celecoxib, minocycline, NAC, SFN, and/or omega-3 fatty acids was also associated with a significantly higher improvement in other symptoms, such as irritability , hyperactivity , and/or lethargy when compared with placebo. The mechanisms by which these agents exert their action and improve symptoms of ASD are not fully understood. Interestingly, studies have suggested that all these agents may suppress microglial/monocyte proinflammatory activation and also restore several immune cell imbalances (e.g., T regulatory/T helper-17 cell imbalances), decreasing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and/or IL-17A, both in the blood and in the brain of individuals with ASD. Although encouraging, the performance of larger randomized placebo-controlled trials, including more homogeneous populations, dosages, and longer periods of follow-up, are urgently needed in order to confirm the findings and to provide stronger evidence.

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“…Neuronal cell loss, microglia, and astrocyte activation increased proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress might play a role in ASD, indicating the possible role of neurodegenerative processes [ 6 , 7 ]. Additionally, lymphocyte/monocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were examined as the peripheral biomarkers of inflammation, which could be rapidly obtained from routine blood tests [ 8 , 9 ]. Especially, NLR was proposed as a cost-effective measurement, which might have clinical implications [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood neurofilament light chain and thrombospondin-1 levels of patients with autism spectrum disorder

PAKETÇİ¹,

ERMİŞ²,

ŞİŞMAN³

et al. 2022

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

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Background/aim Neurofilaments are intermediary filaments associated with neurodegenerative processes. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a biological marker playing a role in synaptogenesis. This study aimed to investigate serum neurofilament light chain (NFL), and TSP1 levels of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to typically developing (TD) children. Materials and methods : Forty-three patients with ASD and forty-five TD children were included. Serum biomarker levels were measured using the sandwich ELISA technique. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was implemented to measure the severity of ASD. Results NFL and TSP1 levels did not differ between study groups (For NFL, ASD = 47.8 ± 11.4 vs. TD = 48.2 ± 15.3 pg/mL, p = 0.785; for TSP1, ASD = 224.4 ± 53.7 vs. TD = 224.7 ± 69.0 ng/mL, p = 0.828). Stereotyped behavior and sensory sensitivity domain of the CARS scale was negatively correlated with serum TSP-1 (r = −0.390, p = 0.010) and NFL (r = −0.377, p = 0.013) levels. Age was also positively correlated with NFL levels (r = 0.332, p = 0.030) in the ASD groups but not in the TD group. Conclusion Our results did not support the neurodegenerative process of ASD. Future studies are needed to investigate neuroprogression in a longitudinal follow-up.

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Does increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predict autism spectrum disorder?

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children and Determinant Factors of Autism: A Case-Control Study

Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children and Determinant Factors of Autism: A Case-Control Study

Immunoregulatory and/or Anti-inflammatory Agents for the Management of Core and Associated Symptoms in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials

Blood neurofilament light chain and thrombospondin-1 levels of patients with autism spectrum disorder

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