Evidence of multiple memory systems in the human brain

Perani, Daniela; Bressi, S.; Cappa, Stefano F.; Vallar, Giuseppe; Alberoni, Margherita; Grassi, F.; Caltagirone, Carlo; Cipolotti, Lisa; Franceschi, M.; Lenzi, G; Fazio, Ferruccio

doi:10.1093/brain/116.4.903

Cited by 142 publications

(82 citation statements)

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“…As described, medial temporal regions are a major source of projections to the medial parietal͞ posterior cingulate, and their disruption leads to medial parietal͞posterior cingulate hypometabolism in both humans and animals (18,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). The DAT-related activation in the current study might thus reflect a loss of regulation or functional inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Studies in both animals and humans show that lesions including the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex lead to reduced posterior cingulate resting metabolism similar to that seen in DAT (20)(21)(22)(23)(24). It has been suggested that posterior cortical regions, in particular, the posterior cingulate and precuneus, may be involved in memory function, and that DATrelated hypometabolism may ref lect memory impairment (25)(26)(27)(28)(29).…”

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confidence: 91%

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Functional deactivations: Change with age and dementia of the Alzheimer type

Lustig

Snyder²,

Bhakta

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

674

508

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Young adults typically deactivate specific brain regions during active task performance. Deactivated regions overlap with those that show reduced resting metabolic activity in aging and dementia, raising the possibility of a relation. Here, the magnitude and dynamic temporal properties of these typically deactivated regions were explored in aging by using functional MRI in 82 participants. Young adults (n ‫؍‬ 32), older adults without dementia (n ‫؍‬ 27), and older adults with early-stage dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) (n ‫؍‬ 23) were imaged while alternating between blocks of an active semantic classification task and a passive fixation baseline. Deactivation in lateral parietal regions was equivalent across groups; in medial frontal regions, it was reduced by aging but was not reduced further by DAT. Of greatest interest, a medial parietal͞ posterior cingulate region showed differences between young adults and older adults without dementia and an even more marked difference with DAT. The temporal profile of the medial parietal͞posterior cingulate response suggested that it was initially activated by all three groups, but the response in young adults quickly reversed sign, whereas DAT individuals maintained activation throughout the task block. Exploratory whole-brain analyses confirmed the importance of medial parietal͞posterior cingulate cortex differences in aging and DAT. These results introduce important opportunities to explore the functional properties of regions showing deactivations, how their dynamic functional properties relate to their baseline metabolic rates, and how they change with age and dementia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Functional deactivations: Change with age and dementia of the Alzheimer type

Lustig

Snyder²,

Bhakta

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

674

508

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“…Nevertheless, studies from neuropsychology and experimental psychology have produced enough evidence for several neurally and functionally dissociable memory systems that this hypothesis must be taken seriously (e.g., Campbell & Conway, 1995;Cohen, 1984;Foster & Jelicic, 1999;Hodges, Spatt, & Patterson, 1999;R. Johnson, Kreiter, Zhu, & Russo, 1998;Knowlton, Mangels, & Squire, 1996;Markowitsch et al, 1993;Markowitsch, Calabrese, Neufeld, Gehlen, & Durwen, 1999;McCarthy & Warrington, 1990;McClelland et al, 1995;Perani et al, 1993;Peretz, 1996;Reber, Knowlton, & Squire, 1996;Schacter & Tulving, 1994;Shallice, 1979;Squire, 1987Squire, , 1992Tulving, 1983Tulving, , 1985Tulving, , 1987Tulving, , 1993aTulving & Schacter, 1990;Van der Linden, Bredart, Depoorter, & Coyette, 1996;Vargha-Khadem et al, 1997;Warrington, 1975;Weiskrantz, 1987Weiskrantz, , 1990.…”

Section: Multiple Systems Multiple Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

Klein

Cosmides

Tooby

et al. 2002

Psychological Review

397

372

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Memory evolved to supply useful, timely information to the organism's decision-making systems. Therefore, decision rules, multiple memory systems, and the search engines that link them should have coevolved to mesh in a coadapted, functionally interlocking way. This adaptationist perspective suggested the scope hypothesis: When a generalization is retrieved from semantic memory, episodic memories that are inconsistent with it should be retrieved in tandem to place boundary conditions on the scope of the generalization. Using a priming paradigm and a decision task involving person memory, the authors tested and confirmed this hypothesis. The results support the view that priming is an evolved adaptation. They further show that dissociations between memory systems are not-and should not be-absolute: Independence exists for some tasks but not others.Memory is a gift of nature, the ability of living organisms to retain and to utilize acquired information or knowledge. . . . Owners of biological memory systems are capable of behaving more appropriately at a later time because of their experiences at an earlier time, a feat not possible for organisms without memory. (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751) If there is one proposition on which all psychologists seem to agree, it is that memory is useful. Memory allows organisms to adjust their behavior on the basis of information they acquire ontogenetically, through their experiences with the world.This connection between personal experience, memory, and behavior implies a close relationship between learning and memory: "Memory in biological systems always entails learning (the acquisition of information) and . . . learning implies retention (memory) of such information" (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751). Recognizing this, psychologists have long exploited learning paradigms to study the properties of memory (e.g., by list learning to probe free recall, cued recall, and recognition).The same connection also implies a close relationship between decision rules 1 and memory. An organism cannot behave "more appropriately"-that is, more adaptively-at a later time because of experiences at an earlier time unless it is equipped with rules that use ontogenetically acquired information to make decisions. Indeed, memory systems must have evolved their structure in response to the informational needs of the decision rules guiding behavior. This is because memory properties that have no impact on an organism's decisions will not be visible to-and hence will not be shaped by-selection. Moreover, because decision rules often differ in what information they require, different sets of decision rules may activate different retrieval processes or search engines and may access different memory systems or sets of memory systems. Without engines that can search for and retrieve the right information, supplying it to the right decision rule at the right time, an organ designed to store ontogenetically acquired information-that is, a memory system-would be a pointless appendage. Hence, adaptive behavior over tim...

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“…Voxel-based mapping of the correlations between memory performance and resting regional metabolic rates of glucose measured by positron emission tomography (PET) has been demonstrated to be a sensitive approach to delineate the neural substrates of cognitive impairment in patients with frontal lobe lesions (Reed, Lasseron, Marsden, Bright, Stanhope & Kopelman, 2005), and in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (see for example, Perani, Bressi, Cappa, Vallar, Alberoni, Grassi et al, 1993;Desgranges, Baron, Lalevée, Giffard, Viader, de la Sayette et al, 2002;Desgranges, Baron, Giffard, Chételat, Lalevée, Viader et al, 2002;Eustache, Desgranges, Giffard, de la Sayette & Baron, 2001;Rauchs, Piolino, Mézenge, Landeau, Lalevée, Pélerin, et al, 2006), more precisely to enlighten the neural basis of AM deficits in Alzheimer's disease . In the present study, we used PET and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to map the correlations between resting-state FDGUptake in the whole brain and scores reflecting AM in a group of fv-FTD patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%