Evidence of Kappa genes in the sea-star Asterias rubens (Echinoderma)

A TRUE “CANDIDATE IG KAPPA GENE” IN THE SEA-STAR: <i>ASTERIAS RUBENS</i> (ECHINODERMA)

“…The main acquisition of Echinoderms seems to be the cellular differentiation in two subpopulations of cells, ancestral to T and B lymphocytes and their interplay with phagocytes resulting in the synthesis of specific humoral primitive antibody (Leclerc et al, 2011;Leclerc, 2000) Although all efforts to find a primitive form of immunoglobulin in sea-urchin genome (Leclerc, 2012) have been unsuccessful, it is the first time, we present arguments indicating that vertebrate immunoglobulin Kappa gene is present in an invertebrate and Deuterostomes.…”

“…Leclerc (2000), it was shown that it presented homologies with human kappa-like. Leclerc et al (2011), the sea-star genome (Asterias rubens) was analysed, three Igkappa genes were described. In 2013 a"candidate gene" was discovered.…”

“…Recently kappa genes were discovered in the sea-star A. rubens (Leclerc et al, 2011) so that complement genes (Leclerc et al, 2013). The genomes obtained today are more credible than those carried out 2 years ago: We have tried to look for a candidate kappa gene which presents most homologies with a kappa gene of mammal.…”

“…The genomes obtained today are more credible than those carried out 2 years ago: We have tried to look for a candidate kappa gene which presents most homologies with a kappa gene of mammal. We had discovered mainly in (Leclerc et al, 2011) 3 candidate Igkappa genes showing 250 nucleotides each.…”

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES TO VARIOUS ANTIGENS IN THE ASTERIDS: <i>A.GIBBOSA</i> AND <i>A.RUBENS</i>

“…In 2000 leclerc showed that this molecule had a human-kappa like activity (Leclerc, 2000); in 2011, it was correlated with kappa genes (Leclerc et al, 2011).…”