The core plays a crucial role in achieving high performance of linear hole transport materials (HTMs) toward the perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Most studies focused on the development of fused heterocycles as cores for HTMs. Nevertheless, nonfused heterocycles deserve to be studied since they can be easily synthesized. In this work, we reported a series of low-cost triphenylamine HTMs (M101-M106) with different nonfused cores. Results concluded that the introduced core has a significant influence on conductivity, hole mobility, energy level, and solubility of linear HTMs. M103 and M104 with nonfused oligothiophene cores are superior to other HTMs in terms of conductivity, hole mobility, and surface morphology. PSCs based on M104 exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency of 16.50% under AM 1.5 sun, which is comparable to that of spiro-OMeTAD (16.67%) under the same conditions. Importantly, the employment of M104 is highly economical in terms of the cost of synthesis as compared to that of spiro-OMeTAD. This work demonstrated that nonfused heterocycles, such as oligothiophene, are promising cores for high performance of linear HTMs toward PSCs.
Diphenylamine-substituted carbazole
(DPACZ) compounds are one of
the most interesting hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite
solar cells (PSCs). However, most studies focused on the development
of symmetrical DPACZ HTMs with two DPACZ arms or multiple ones. In
this work, we developed a new class of asymmetric DPACZ-based HTMs
(M111–114) through a combination of one DPACZ arm and different
S,N-heterocyclic compounds (phenothiazine (PTZ) and dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP)),
which endow the M111–114 with different electrochemical and
photophysical properties as well as hole-transporting properties.
Results conclude that the PTZ outperforms of the DTP when combined
with the DPACZ arm. In addition, we have investigated the substituent
and conjugation effects of heterocyclic properties on the photophysical
and electrical properties, as well as performance in PSCs by using
physical measurements. PSCs with M114 exhibit a power conversion efficiency
of 17.17%, which is higher or comparable to that of DPACZ HTMs with
more than one DPACZ arm. Importantly, the synthetic cost of the M114
is only 14.95 $ per g, which is much lower than that of spiro-OMeTAD.
This work indicates that DPACZ-heterocycle compounds could be a new
class of low-cost HTMs in the large-scale application of PSCs.
Summary
Nowadays, the true economic and nutritional value of food is underpinned by both origin and quality traits, more often expressed as increased quality benefits derived from the origin source. Gut microbiota contribute to food metabolism and host health, therefore, it may be suitable as a qualifying indicator of origin and quality of economic species. Here, we investigated relationships between the gut microbiota of the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus), a valuable aquaculture species in Asia, with their origins and quality metrics. Based on data from 287 intestinal samples, we generated the first biogeographical patterns for A. japonicus gut microbiota from origins across China. Importantly, A. japonicus origins were predicted using the random forest model that was constructed using 20 key gut bacterial genera, with 97.6% accuracy. Furthermore, quality traits such as saponin, fat and taurine were also successfully predicted by random forest models based on gut microbiota, with approximately 80% consistency between predicted and true values. We showed that substantial variations existed in the gut microbiota and quality variables in A. japonicus across different origins, and we also demonstrated the great potential of gut microbiota to track A. japonicus origins and predict their quality traits.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.