Evidence of disturbed sleep and mood state in well-trained athletes during short-term intensified training with and without a high carbohydrate nutritional intervention

Killer, Sophie C.; Svendsen, Ida S.; Jeukendrup, Asker E.; Gleeson, Michael

doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1085589

Cited by 64 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…One challenge for elite athletes is that they cannot be subjected to much higher-intensity exercise every day to improve sleep quality as their training intensity is typically near their maximum capacity. Killer et al subjected cyclists to nine consecutive days of intensified training to test the effectiveness of altering periodization and instead found that sleep quality decreased significantly and progressively throughout the period of training [61]. Further increasing the intensity of training in athletes would only subject them to higher risk of fatigue and overuse injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrelationship between Sleep and Exercise: A Systematic Review

Dolezal

Neufeld

Boland

et al. 2017

Advances in Preventive Medicine

218

194

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Although a substantial body of literature has explored the relationship between sleep and exercise, comprehensive reviews and definitive conclusions about the impact of exercise interventions on sleep are lacking. Electronic databases were searched for articles published between January 2013 and March 2017. Studies were included if they possessed either objective or subjective measures of sleep and an exercise intervention that followed the guidelines recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine. Thirty-four studies met these inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine studies concluded that exercise improved sleep quality or duration; however, four found no difference and one reported a negative impact of exercise on sleep. Study results varied most significantly due to participants' age, health status, and the mode and intensity of exercise intervention. Mixed findings were reported for children, adolescents, and young adults. Interventions conducted with middle-aged and elderly adults reported more robust results. In these cases, exercise promoted increased sleep efficiency and duration regardless of the mode and intensity of activity, especially in populations suffering from disease. Our review suggests that sleep and exercise exert substantial positive effects on one another; however, to reach a true consensus, the mechanisms behind these observations must first be elucidated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrelationship between Sleep and Exercise: A Systematic Review

Dolezal

Neufeld

Boland

et al. 2017

Advances in Preventive Medicine

218

194

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“…; Killer et al . ) and dysregulation in various physiological systems, including the autonomic nervous system (Lehmann et al . ), immunity (Fry et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload

Poffé

Ramaekers

Thienen

et al. 2019

The Journal of Physiology

120

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Key points Overload training is required for sustained performance gain in athletes (functional overreaching). However, excess overload may result in a catabolic state which causes performance decrements for weeks (non‐functional overreaching) up to months (overtraining). Blood ketone bodies can attenuate training‐ or fasting‐induced catabolic events. Therefore, we investigated whether increasing blood ketone levels by oral ketone ester (KE) intake can protect against endurance training‐induced overreaching. We show for the first time that KE intake following exercise markedly blunts the development of physiological symptoms indicating overreaching, and at the same time significantly enhances endurance exercise performance. We provide preliminary data to indicate that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) may be a relevant hormonal marker to diagnose the development of overtraining. Collectively, our data indicate that ketone ester intake is a potent nutritional strategy to prevent the development of non‐functional overreaching and to stimulate endurance exercise performance. Abstract It is well known that elevated blood ketones attenuate net muscle protein breakdown, as well as negate catabolic events, during energy deficit. Therefore, we hypothesized that oral ketones can blunt endurance training‐induced overreaching. Fit male subjects participated in two daily training sessions (3 weeks, 6 days/week) while receiving either a ketone ester (KE, n = 9) or a control drink (CON, n = 9) following each session. Sustainable training load in week 3 as well as power output in the final 30 min of a 2‐h standardized endurance session were 15% higher in KE than in CON (both P < 0.05). KE inhibited the training‐induced increase in nocturnal adrenaline (P < 0.01) and noradrenaline (P < 0.01) excretion, as well as blunted the decrease in resting (CON: −6 ± 2 bpm; KE: +2 ± 3 bpm, P < 0.05), submaximal (CON: −15 ± 3 bpm; KE: −7 ± 2 bpm, P < 0.05) and maximal (CON: −17 ± 2 bpm; KE: −10 ± 2 bpm, P < 0.01) heart rate. Energy balance during the training period spontaneously turned negative in CON (−2135 kJ/day), but not in KE (+198 kJ/day). The training consistently increased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), but ∼2‐fold more in CON than in KE (P < 0.05). In addition, delta GDF15 correlated with the training‐induced drop in maximal heart rate (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) and decrease in osteocalcin (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). Other measurements such as blood ACTH, cortisol, IL‐6, leptin, ghrelin and lymphocyte count, and muscle glycogen content did not differentiate KE from CON. In conclusion, KE during strenuous endurance training attenuates the development of overreaching. We also identify GDF15 as a possible marker of overtraining.

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“…Besides latency, high GI was further associated with longer sleep duration (Diethelm et al 2011) and with a better usual sleep quality (Yoneyama et al 2014). However, the effect of manipulating athletes' diet on sleep has only been evaluated in one study (Killer et al 2015). The ingestion of carbohydrate-rich drinks before, during and after a cycling training [totalizing 9.9(1.5) g/ kg/day] was associated with lower sleep time than in control group (without carbohydrate increase) [7.4(1.6) g/kg/day], and the authors suggested that control group would need more sleep time to exercise recover (Killer et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the intake of high or low glycemic index high carbohydrate-meals on athletes’ sleep quality in pre-game nights

Daniel

Zimberg

Estadella

et al. 2019

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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This study investigated the effect of the intake of high (HGI) or low glycemic index (LGI) high-carbohydrate meals on athletes' sleep. Nine basketball adult male athletes were assessed during a championship and received high-carbohydrate meals (dinner and evening snack) with HGI or LGI. Quantitative and qualitative sleep variables were assessed: sleep latency (LAT), sleep efficiency (EFIC), Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO), sleep time through actigraphy and sleep diary. Dietary intake, satiety, sleepiness, glycemic response, salivary cortisol and melatonin were also assessed. On both days most athletes had LAT and WASO higher than recommendation, and nocturnal sleep time below the recommendations. There was no difference between sleep and hormonal parameters according to GI dietary manipulations; however, correlations were observed between sleep and diet. Daily energy intake had negative correlation with efficiency and nocturnal total sleep time, and a positive correlation with WASO, regardless of the GI nocturnal meals. No differences were observed in salivary cortisol and melatonin according to GI. The results suggest that food intake throughout the day seems to exert more influence on sleep parameters of basketball players than GI manipulation of evening meals on the pre-night game, but further studies are necessary to better understand this complex relationship.

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Evidence of disturbed sleep and mood state in well-trained athletes during short-term intensified training with and without a high carbohydrate nutritional intervention

Cited by 64 publications

References 49 publications

Interrelationship between Sleep and Exercise: A Systematic Review

Interrelationship between Sleep and Exercise: A Systematic Review

Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload

Effect of the intake of high or low glycemic index high carbohydrate-meals on athletes’ sleep quality in pre-game nights

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