“…Several studies have estimated the economic benefits of a traceability system, particularly through enhanced export activity, and consumers' willingness to pay a premium for traceable beef (e.g., Pendell et al, 2010;Resende-Filho and Buhr, 2006;Lee et al, 2011;Loureiro and Umberger, 2007;Dickinson and Bailey, 2005). For example, the study by Pendell et al (2010) estimated that the United States could lose a total consumer and producer surplus of $6.65 billion if at least 25% of its untraceable beef product is unacceptable in international trade.…”