Evidence of an Inhibitory Effect of Diet and Exercise on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth

Tymchuk, Christopher N.; Barnard, R. James; Heber, David; Aronson, William J.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65943-5

Cited by 80 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…22 Reducing insulin by diet and exercise increases SHBG and lowers free testosterone even while total testosterone remains unchanged. 12,20 In addition to suppressing SHBG Lifestyle and prostate growth RJ Barnard et al production by the liver, insulin also increases production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) while suppressing the production of IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) to increase free IGF-I. 23 IGF-I is a peptide growth factor and is known to play a pivotal role in regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 The same diet and exercise intervention used in this study reduced serum IGF-I and increased IGFBP-1; these changes reduced growth and induced apoptosis in serum-stimulated LNCaP cells. 12,13 Another serum factor that might be important in the development of BPH and the response to diet and exercise is estrogen. In a review, Thomas and Keenen 27 concluded that estrogens exert a synergistic effect with androgens on the growth of both epithelial and stromal cells of the prostate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,11 We previously reported that a low-fat, high-fiber diet and daily exercise intervention reduced serum insulin, slowed the growth of serum-stimulated, androgendependent LNCaP, PCa cells while inducing apoptosis in the LNCaP cells. 12,13 The purpose of the present study was to test the effects of the low-fat, high-fiber diet and exercise intervention on serum-stimulated growth of primary prostate epithelial cells in culture. The results show a reduction in the growth with no change in apoptosis of the serum-stimulated epithelial cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of diet and exercise intervention on the growth of prostate epithelial cells

Barnard

Kobayashi

Aronson

2008

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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Epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between nutrient intake, hyperinsulinemia and risk of Benign prostatic hyperplasis (BPH). This study tests the hypothesis that a low-fat, highfiber diet and daily exercise would lower serum insulin and reduce the growth of serum-stimulated primary prostate epithelial cells in culture. Serum samples were obtained from eight overweight men before and after the Pritikin residential, 2-week diet and exercise intervention and from seven men who were long-term followers of the low-fat, high-fiber diet and regular exercise lifestyle. The serum was used to stimulate primary prostate epithelial cells in culture. Growth was measured after 48 and 96 h and apoptosis after 96 h. At 48 h there was no significant difference in growth within the Pre, 2-week or Long-Term groups. At 96 h growth was significantly reduced in the 2-week (13%) and in the Long-Term (14%) groups compared to the Pre data. At 96 h, apoptosis was not significantly different among the three groups. Fasting insulin was reduced by 30% in the 2-week group and by 52% in the Long-Term group compared to the Pre data. Testosterone was unchanged in the 2-week group. The results of this study indicate that a low-fat, high-fiber diet and daily exercise lowers insulin and reduces growth of prostate primary epithelial cells and suggests that lifestyle may be an important factor in the development or progression of BPH. Future prospective trials should address the effects of this lifestyle modification on BPH symptomatology and progression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of diet and exercise intervention on the growth of prostate epithelial cells

Barnard

Kobayashi

Aronson

2008

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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“…In addition animal studies show that tumor cells grow at an increased rate when the fat content of the diet is increased (Kondo et al, 1994;Wang et al, 1995) and that a low-fat diet will increase the time to the development of androgen independence of human tumor xenografts in a castrated SCID mouse (Ngo et al, 2004). In previous studies, we reported that serum-stimulated growth of LNCaP prostate tumor cells was reduced following a very-low-fat diet and exercise (Tymchuk et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Feasibility of a low-fat/high-fiber diet intervention with soy supplementation in prostate cancer patients after prostatectomy

Aronson

Arteaga

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and long-term compliance with a low-fat diet supplemented with soy protein in men at increased risk for recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Design: Randomized, control study. Setting: Academic center in USA. Subject: Forty men who had undergone radical prostatectomy and were at increased risk for recurrence. Intervention: Low-fat (15% fat), high-fiber (18 g/1000 kcal) diet supplemented with 40 g soy protein isolate (n ¼ 26) was compared to USDA recommended diet (n ¼ 14). Results: Over 4 years, subjects in the intervention group but not in the control group made and sustained significant changes in their diet as measured by the dietary assessment instruments and urinary isoflavone excretion. In the intervention group, dietary fat intake was reduced from 33.4671.27% energy/day to 21.0471.74% (Po0.05), fiber intake increased from 14.671.06 to 21.0572.29 g/day. The insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level was decreased from 260.478.6 ng/ml at baseline to 220.577.9 ng/ml at 6 months (Po0.05) in the intervention group with no significant change in the control group. An ex vivo assay demonstrated inhibition of LNCaP cell growth (À20.077.7%, Po0.05) by sera from patients in the intervention group after 6 months of dietary change compared to baseline. Conclusion: These data suggest that long-term low-fat dietary interventions as part of prospective randomized trials in prostate cancer survivors are feasible, and lead to reductions in circulating hormones or other growth factors stimulating prostate cancer growth ex vivo.

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“…First, high levels of bioavailable testosterone has been associated with increased risk of prostate cancer (Gann et al, 1996;. Several studies have reported lower levels of free testosterone (Tikkanen et al, 1998;Tymchuk et al, 2001) in athletically trained men relative to untrained men and immediately after exercise (Nindl et al, 2001) as well as increased levels of sex hormone binding globuline (SHBG) immediately after exercise in older men (Zmuda et al, 1996) and after an exercise programme (Caballero et al, 1992;Tymchuk et al, 1998). However, there are also studies showing increasing levels of testosterone with increasing levels of exercise (Zmuda et al, 1996).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational physical activity and risk for prostate cancer in a nationwide cohort study in Sweden

et al. 2002

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We investigated effects of occupational physical activity on relative risk for prostate cancer. From Swedish nationwide censuses in 1960 and 1970, we defined two cohorts of men whose occupational titles allowed classification of physical activity levels at work in 1960 (n=1 348 971) and in 1970 (n=1 377 629). A third cohort included only men whose jobs required a similar level of physical activity in both 1960 and 1970 (n=673 443). The incidence of prostate cancer between 1971 and 1989 was ascertained through record linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register. A total of 43 836, 28 702, and 19 670 prostate cancers, respectively, occurred in the three cohorts. In all three cohorts, the relative risk for prostate cancer increased with decreasing level of occupational physical activity (P50.001), using Poisson regression. Among men with the same physical activity levels in 1960 and 1970, the rate ratio was 1.11 for men with sedentary jobs as compared with those whose jobs had very high/high activity levels after adjustment for age at follow-up, calendar year of follow-up and place of residence (95% CI 1.05 -1.17; P for trend 50.001). There was no association between occupational activity and prostate cancer mortality. Since we had no data on other potential risk factors the observed associations for both incidence and mortality might have been confounded. Further studies are needed to better understand the potential role of physical activity for prostate cancer. Keywords: prostatic neoplasms; occupational physical activity; exercise; cohort studies; risk factors Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among Swedish men (31.5% of all cancer cases in men in 1999 and incidence rate 159 per 100 000) and the incidence rate has been steadily increasing since the 1960s (The Swedish Cancer Registry, 2001). The causes of prostate cancer are not clearly understood and genetic and environmental/life style factors seem to be important (Ross and Schottenfeld, 1996).Epidemiological studies of physical activity and prostate cancer risk have been inconclusive, but suggest a protective effect with higher levels of activity (Friedenreich and Thune, 2001). The theory is biologically plausible since physical activity may affect serum levels of testosterone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and regulate the immune system (Chan et al, 1998b;McTiernan et al, 1998;Friedenreich and Thune, 2001). Moreover, physical activity might alter prostate cancer risk indirectly, by influencing body weight . In a prospective study, both cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported history of sports activities were inversely related to prostate cancer risk (Oliveria et al, 1996).We used the nationwide, Swedish Cancer-Environment Register 60/70, to assess risk for prostate cancer in relation to occupational physical activity. We focused on men employed in 1960, and in 1970, with special attention given to men with the same level of occupational physical activity at these two assessments 10 years apart. The large number of observed prostate cancer case...

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Evidence of an Inhibitory Effect of Diet and Exercise on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth

Abstract: A low fat, high fiber diet and exercise intervention resulted in serum changes that significantly reduced the growth of androgen responsive LNCaP prostate cancer cells in vitro.

Cited by 80 publications

References 21 publications

Effect of diet and exercise intervention on the growth of prostate epithelial cells

Effect of diet and exercise intervention on the growth of prostate epithelial cells

Feasibility of a low-fat/high-fiber diet intervention with soy supplementation in prostate cancer patients after prostatectomy

Occupational physical activity and risk for prostate cancer in a nationwide cohort study in Sweden

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