Evidence for the Transmission of<i>Plasmodium vivax</i>in the Republic of the Congo, West Central Africa

Culleton, Richard; Ndounga, Mathieu; Zeyrek, Fadile Yıldız; Coban, Cevayir; Casimiro, Prisca Nadine; Takeo, Satoru; Tsuboi, Takafumi; Yadava, Anjali; Carter, Richard; Tanabe, Kazuyuki

doi:10.1086/644510

Cited by 77 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Similar infections have been reported in Brazil [26] and Kenya [23]. Additional cases of infection in Duffy antigen negative individuals have been reported from the Congo [27] and Uganda [28]. A study in Brazil of the protection against P. vivax offered by the lack of the Duffy antigen found no differential resistance to P. vivax between Duffy antigen positive and negative individuals [2].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Duffy Red Cell Phenotypes among Pregnant Women in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria

Erhabor¹,

Ce²,

Alhaji³

et al. 2014

J Blood Disord Transfus

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Duffy Red Cell Phenotypes among Pregnant Women in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria

Erhabor¹,

Ce²,

Alhaji³

et al. 2014

J Blood Disord Transfus

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“…P. vivax is extremely rare in humans in west and central Africa due to the near fixation of the Duffy-negative phenotype, which confers resistance to this parasite (21). Nonetheless, P. vivax seems to be able to cause clinical infection of Duffy-negative individuals in Madagascar (35) and P. vivax-specific antibodies have been reported in 13% of humans living in Pointe-Noire, a city in the Republic of Congo (36). To examine whether P. vivax is maintained in west central African human populations, we screened nearly 700 blood samples from Cameroonian villagers for P. vivax mitochondrial sequences (SI Appendix, Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium falciparum -like parasites infecting wild apes in southern Cameroon do not represent a recurrent source of human malaria

Sundararaman

Liu²,

Keele

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Wild-living chimpanzees and gorillas harbor a multitude of Plasmodium species, including six of the subgenus Laverania , one of which served as the progenitor of Plasmodium falciparum . Despite the magnitude of this reservoir, it is unknown whether apes represent a source of human infections. Here, we used Plasmodium species-specific PCR, single-genome amplification, and 454 sequencing to screen humans from remote areas of southern Cameroon for ape Laverania infections. Among 1,402 blood samples, we found 1,000 to be Plasmodium mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) positive, all of which contained human parasites as determined by sequencing and/or restriction enzyme digestion. To exclude low-abundance infections, we subjected 514 of these samples to 454 sequencing, targeting a region of the mtDNA genome that distinguishes ape from human Laverania species. Using algorithms specifically developed to differentiate rare Plasmodium variants from 454-sequencing error, we identified single and mixed-species infections with P. falciparum , Plasmodium malariae , and/or Plasmodium ovale . However, none of the human samples contained ape Laverania parasites, including the gorilla precursor of P. falciparum . To characterize further the diversity of P. falciparum in Cameroon, we used single-genome amplification to amplify 3.4-kb mtDNA fragments from 229 infected humans. Phylogenetic analysis identified 62 new variants, all of which clustered with extant P. falciparum , providing further evidence that P. falciparum emerged following a single gorilla-to-human transmission. Thus, unlike Plasmodium knowlesi -infected macaques in southeast Asia, African apes harboring Laverania parasites do not seem to serve as a recurrent source of human malaria, a finding of import to ongoing control and eradication measures.

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“…The presence of low levels of P. vivax infection is consistent with other observations of P. vivax infections in predominantly Duffynegative populations in East Africa. [22][23][24] Malaria prevalence in pregnant women at delivery dropped dramatically from 37% and 41% PCR positivity to Pf in 1996-1997 and 2000-200, respectively, to 1% in 2009-2010. This decrease corresponded to increased usage of bed nets and expanded use of malaria chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy in the population (Table 3) and throughout the Coast Province of Kenya, where 34% and 10% of households had any bed nets and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), respectively, in 2003 compared with a boost in bed net usage in 2008-2009 to 71% and 66%, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marked Decline in Malaria Prevalence among Pregnant Women and Their Offspring from 1996 to 2010 on the South Kenyan Coast

Kalayjian

Malhotra

Mungai

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Expanded malaria control in Kenya since the early 2000s has resulted in marked reduction in hospital admissions for malaria; however, no studies have reported changes in malaria infection rates in the same population over this period. Randomly selected archived blood samples from four cohorts of pregnant women and their children from 1996 to 2010 in Kwale District, Coast Province, Kenya, were examined for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf ), P. malariae, P. ovale, and Plasmodium vivax by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopy. Maternal delivery Pf prevalence by PCR declined from 40% in 2000-2005 to 1% in 2009-2010, concordant with increased bed net and malaria chemoprophylaxis use. Individual risk of Pf infection in children from birth to 3 years in serial longitudinal cohort studies declined from almost 100% in 1996-1999 to 15% in 2006-2010. Declines in P. malariae and P. ovale infections rates were also observed. These results show a profound reduction in malaria transmission in coastal Kenya. BACKGROUND

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Evidence for the Transmission ofPlasmodium vivaxin the Republic of the Congo, West Central Africa

Cited by 77 publications

References 18 publications

Duffy Red Cell Phenotypes among Pregnant Women in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria

Duffy Red Cell Phenotypes among Pregnant Women in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria

Plasmodium falciparum -like parasites infecting wild apes in southern Cameroon do not represent a recurrent source of human malaria

Marked Decline in Malaria Prevalence among Pregnant Women and Their Offspring from 1996 to 2010 on the South Kenyan Coast

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