Evidence for the Role of Shape in Mental Representations of Similes

Weelden, Lisanne van; Schilperoord, Joost; Maes, Alfons

doi:10.1111/cogs.12056

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It might be tempting to replace the disks used in the task with icons representing the objects being investigated. However, in eliciting relationships there may be an advantage to using disks of a similar shape, and using dissimilar shapes might detract from the task [ 52 ]. For the same reason, using coins in place of the PRISM disks might complicate the task, and risks influencing informants’ responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PRISM, a Novel Visual Metaphor Measuring Personally Salient Appraisals, Attitudes and Decision-Making: Qualitative Evidence Synthesis

Sensky

Büchi²

2016

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundPRISM (the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure) is a novel, simple visual instrument. Its utility was initially discovered serendipitously, but has been validated as a quantitative measure of suffering. Recently, new applications for different purposes, even in non-health settings, have encouraged further exploration of how PRISM works, and how it might be applied. This review will summarise the results to date from applications of PRISM and propose a generic conceptualisation of how PRISM works which is consistent with all these applications.MethodsA systematic review, in the form of a qualitative evidence synthesis, was carried out of all available published data on PRISM.ResultsFifty-two publications were identified, with a total of 8254 participants. Facilitated by simple instructions, PRISM has been used with patient groups in a variety of settings and cultures. As a measure of suffering, PRISM has, with few exceptions, behaved as expected according to Eric Cassell’s seminal conceptualisation of suffering. PRISM has also been used to assess beliefs about or attitudes to stressful working conditions, interpersonal relations, alcohol consumption, and suicide, amongst others.DiscussionThis review supports PRISM behaving as a visual metaphor of the relationship of objects (eg ‘my illness’) to a subject (eg ‘myself’) in a defined context (eg ‘my life at the moment’). As a visual metaphor, it is quick to complete and yields personally salient information. PRISM is likely to have wide applications in assessing beliefs, attitudes, and decision-making, because of its properties, and because it yields both quantitative and qualitative data. In medicine, it can serve as a generic patient-reported outcome measure. It can serve as a tool for representational guidance, can be applied to developing strategies visually, and is likely to have applications in coaching, psychological assessment and therapeutic interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PRISM, a Novel Visual Metaphor Measuring Personally Salient Appraisals, Attitudes and Decision-Making: Qualitative Evidence Synthesis

Sensky

Büchi²

2016

PLoS ONE

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“…We calculated the median reaction times for compatible and incompatible conditions across both hands, generating four values per participant: control compatible (CC), control incompatible (CI), smoke compatible (SC), smoke incompatible (SI). Using median values of the reaction times allowed to minimize the effect of outlying reaction times without explicitly excluding any further trials from the analysis (Stanfield and Zwaan, 2001, Van Weelden et al, 2014, Zwaan et al, 2002). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatized smoking-related action schemata are reflected by reduced fMRI activity in sensorimotor brain regions of smokers

Isik

Kaiser

Buschenlange

et al. 2017

NeuroImage: Clinical

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In the later stages of addiction, automatized processes play a prominent role in guiding drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. However, little is known about the neural correlates of automatized drug-taking skills and drug-related action knowledge in humans. We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while smokers and non-smokers performed an orientation affordance task, where compatibility between the hand used for a behavioral response and the spatial orientation of a priming stimulus leads to shorter reaction times resulting from activation of the corresponding motor representations. While non-smokers exhibited this behavioral effect only for control objects, smokers showed the affordance effect for both control and smoking-related objects. Furthermore, smokers exhibited reduced fMRI activation for smoking-related as compared to control objects for compatible stimulus-response pairings in a sensorimotor brain network consisting of the right primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, middle occipital gyrus, left fusiform gyrus and bilateral cingulate gyrus. In the incompatible condition, we found higher fMRI activation in smokers for smoking-related as compared to control objects in the right primary motor cortex, cingulate gyrus, and left fusiform gyrus. This suggests that the activation and performance of deeply embedded, automatized drug-taking schemata employ less brain resources. This might reduce the threshold for relapsing in individuals trying to abstain from smoking. In contrast, the interruption or modification of already triggered automatized action representations require increased neural resources.

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“…Following Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the role of figurative language, especially metaphor, in creative thought has been widely studied. Not only verbal but also visual metaphor and metonymy have been analyzed to reveal dynamism in conceptual structures (Indurkhya and Ojha, 2013). This paper seeks to reveal creativity in fashion by focusing on visual metaphor and metonymy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing Visual Metaphor and Metonymy to Understand Creativity in Fashion

2019

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The role of figurative language such as metaphor and metonymy in creativity has been studied in cognitive linguistics. These methods can also be applied to analyze non-linguistic data such as pictures and gestures. In this paper, we analyze fashion design by focusing on visual metaphor and metonymy. The nature of creativity in fashion design has not been fully studied from a cognitive perspective compared to other related fields such as art. We especially focus on fashion design as a communication tool between the designer and audience in conveying a designer’s image of human beings. Photos from two fashion shows were analyzed. We carried out an experiment to compare how human images in two shows are interpreted by those who are familiar with fashion and those who are not. We obtained three results: (1) As far as figurative (metaphorical and metonymic) interpretations of human images are concerned, two groups with different levels of familiarity with fashion had significantly different patterns of responses to two shows. (2) For the non-figurative interpretations (such as physical or personal attributes), no significant difference in the pattern of response to the show was observed between the two groups. However, the participants as a whole responded to the two shows differently. (3) In addition, for the non-figurative interpretations, the fashion experts found significantly more attributes in human images than the other group. The results show that the analysis of figurative interpretations is effective in understanding how familiarity with fashion affects the mode of seeing fashion shows.

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Evidence for the Role of Shape in Mental Representations of Similes

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

PRISM, a Novel Visual Metaphor Measuring Personally Salient Appraisals, Attitudes and Decision-Making: Qualitative Evidence Synthesis

PRISM, a Novel Visual Metaphor Measuring Personally Salient Appraisals, Attitudes and Decision-Making: Qualitative Evidence Synthesis

Automatized smoking-related action schemata are reflected by reduced fMRI activity in sensorimotor brain regions of smokers

Analyzing Visual Metaphor and Metonymy to Understand Creativity in Fashion

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