Evidence for the Recurrence of Large-Magnitude Earthquakes Along the Makran Coast of Iran and Pakistan

Page, William D.; Alt, John N.; Cluff, Lloyd S.; Plafker, George

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-41783-1.50081-7

Cited by 23 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Quittmeyer and Jacob (1979) conducted a comprehensive study of the Makran region seismicity and concluded that it is consistent with the interpretation of this area as an active subduction zone. In addition, Page et al (1979) by performing a field survey of the Iranian coastline, air photo analysis, and aerial reconnaissance, confirmed the tectonic model of subduction zone for Makran coasts.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Structural elements of the Makran region, Oman sea and their potential relevance to tsunamigenisis

2008

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The character of convergence along the Arabian-Iranian plate boundary changes radically eastward from the Zagros ranges to the Makran region. This appears to be due to collision of continental crust in the west, in contrast to subduction of oceanic crust in the east. The Makran subduction zone with a length of about 900 km display progressively older and highly deformed sedimentary units northward from the coast, together with an increase in elevation of the ranges. North of the Makran ranges are large subsiding basins, flanked to the north by active volcanoes. Based on 2D seismic reflection data obtained in this study, the main structural provinces and elements in the Gulf of Oman include: (i) the structural elements on the northeastern part of the Arabian Plate and, (ii) the Offshore Makran Accretionary Complex. Based on detailed analysis of these data on the northeastern part of the Arabian Plate five structural provinces and elements-the Musendam High, the Musendam Peneplain, the Musendam Slope, the Dibba Zone, and the Abyssal Plain have been identified. Further, the Offshore Makran Accretionary Complex shown is to consist Accretionary Prism and the For-Arc Basin, while the Accretionary Prism has been subdivided into the Accretionary Wedge and the Accreted/Colored Mélange. Lastly, it is important to note that the Makran subduction zone lacks the trench. The identification of these structural elements should help in better understanding the seismicity of the Makran region in general and the subduction zone in particular. The 1945 magnitude 8.1 tsunamigenic earthquake of the Makran and some other historical events are illustrative of the coastal region's vulnerability to future tsunami in the area, and such data should be of value to the developing Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Structural elements of the Makran region, Oman sea and their potential relevance to tsunamigenisis

2008

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“…BYRNE et al (1992) believed that, if all of the plate motion between Eurasia and Arabia occurred during earthquakes like the 1945 event (M w 8.1), such events would be expected to repeat about every 175 to 300 years in the eastern Makran. By calculating the average uplift rate along the Makran coast, PAGE et al (1979) estimated that the recurrence of a 1945-type earthquake along the MSZ is approximately 125 to 250 years. Our results presented in Figure 3a suggest a return period of about 250 years for a 1945-type earthquake (M w 8.1), which is in agreement with the previous estimates made of PAGE et al (1979) andBYRNE et al (1992).…”

Section: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By calculating the average uplift rate along the Makran coast, PAGE et al (1979) estimated that the recurrence of a 1945-type earthquake along the MSZ is approximately 125 to 250 years. Our results presented in Figure 3a suggest a return period of about 250 years for a 1945-type earthquake (M w 8.1), which is in agreement with the previous estimates made of PAGE et al (1979) andBYRNE et al (1992). …”

Section: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating Tsunami Hazard in the Northwestern Indian Ocean

Heidarzadeh

Pirooz

Zaker

et al. 2008

Pure appl. geophys.

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We evaluate here the tsunami hazard in the northwestern Indian Ocean. The maximum regional earthquake calculated from seismic hazard analysis, was used as the characteristic earthquake for our tsunami hazard assessment. This earthquake, with a moment magnitude of M w 8.3 and a return period of about 1000 years, was moved along the Makran subduction zone (MSZ) and its possible tsunami wave height along various coasts was calculated via numerical simulation. Both seismic hazard analysis and numerical modeling of the tsunami were validated using historical observations of the Makran earthquake and tsunami of the 1945. Results showed that the possible tsunami may reach a maximum height of 9.6 m in the region. The distribution of tsunami wave height along various coasts is presented. We recommend the development of a tsunami warning system in the region, and emphasize the value of education as a measure to mitigate the death toll of a possible tsunami in this region.

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“…1a) is affected by spectacular tectonic uplift (resulting in uplifted marine terraces up to 450 m above present sea level), coastal sedimentation and erosion (Snead 1993). Neo-tectonic uplift of 1±2 mm a ±1 (Page et al 1979) results in a seaward migration of the coastline causing ªupward shallowing sediment sequencesº (regression), as well as in rapid erosion and destruction of the soft semiconsolidated coastal sediments of the east/west-trending ridges.…”

Section: Geological and Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active mud volcanoes on- and offshore eastern Makran, Pakistan

et al. 2001

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To study the activity, source and driving force of the venting of fluidized mud in the coastal Makran, we carried out reconnaissance surveys of two active onshore mud volcano fields (Chandragup and Jebel-u-Ghurab) and of a newly born (March 1999) offshore mud volcano (Malan Island). All studied onand offshore mud volcanoes line up along one southwest/northeast-trending structural lineament, the axis of the Dhak Anticline. Isotopic data point to a bacterial origin of the gas (mainly methane). Mixed benthic foraminiferal faunas and calcareous nannofloras suggest that the source level of the extruded mud is at a sub-surface depth of 2±3 km. Observed mud discharge varied between 0 and 1.4 m 3 h ±1 and gas discharge rates between negligible amounts to 1 m 3 s ±1 . Mud temperatures in the crater lake of Chandragup I are near-ambient temperatures. They rise slightly (^1.5 C) during episodes of modest mud outflow. An area of 160,000 m 3 of soft mud was vigorously extruded from the sea floor at a water depth of 10 m within days after 15 March 1999, forming Malan Island. The island was destroyed within a few months after its birth by deep-reaching wave action during the SW monsoon. This was possibly aided by local subsidence of the mud volcano structure due to the volume loss following rapid degassing and mud extrusion.Keywords Mud volcano´Makran´PakistanǴ eothermics´Gas analysis´Gas seeps G. Delisle ( ) )´U. von Rad´H. Andruleit

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Evidence for the Recurrence of Large-Magnitude Earthquakes Along the Makran Coast of Iran and Pakistan

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Structural elements of the Makran region, Oman sea and their potential relevance to tsunamigenisis

Structural elements of the Makran region, Oman sea and their potential relevance to tsunamigenisis

Evaluating Tsunami Hazard in the Northwestern Indian Ocean

Active mud volcanoes on- and offshore eastern Makran, Pakistan

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