Evidence for the Gut Microbiota Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Pathophysiological Molecules Improving Diabetes

Abstract

In type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, increased inflammation, and oxidative stress were shown to be associated with the progressive deterioration of beta-cell function and mass. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are organic fatty acids produced in the distal gut by bacterial fermentation of macrofibrous material that might improve type 2 diabetes features. Their main beneficial activities were identified in the decrease of serum levels of glucose, insulin resistance as well as inflammation, and increase in protective Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. In this review, we updated evidence on the effects of SCFAs potentially improving metabolic control in type 2 diabetes.

The Role of the Microbial Metabolites Including Tryptophan Catabolites and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Pathophysiology of Immune-Inflammatory and Neuroimmune Disease

“…On the other hand, dysbiosis leading to a loss of SCFA producers can result in adverse changes in the localization and distribution of two epithelial tight junction proteins, occludin and zonula occludens-1, leading to increased epithelial permeability in rodent models of type 2 diabetes [142,[145][146][147]. Increased epithelial permeability, linked to changes in the microbiota or other factors such as poor diet or stress, can lead to the translocation of LPS into the circulation and resulting systemic immune activation: this is a phenomenon often described as Bmetabolic endotoxemiaM ol Neurobiol [145][146][147][148]. This phenomenon resulting from increased intestinal permeability is a triggering factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and type 2 diabetes (TD2) in humans [145,146,149].…”

“…SCFAs manufactured by gut commensals, notably propionate and acetate, can be detected in hepatic, portal, and peripheral blood, suggesting that they have the ability to cross the gut-blood barrier [148,150,151]. This capacity for migration enables SCFAs to influence lipids, glucose, and cholesterol in a range of remote tissues [152][153][154] (Figs.…”

Gut Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus - An Interlinkage

“…The identified microbial markers may necessitate in screening and monitoring T2D [33]. SCFAs produced in the human gut due to fermentation of macrofibrous material suggested to improve T2D features by controlling blood glucose, improving insulin action, reducing inflammation and promoting Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion [34].…”

Hypoglycemic Effect due to Insulin Stimulation with Plantago major in Wistar Rats

“…However, the shape of the alloxan molecule is so similar to that of glucose that the glucose transporter, GLUT2, which is the pancreatic beta cell transmembrane transporter accepts this molecule as a glucose analog and transports it into the beta cell pancreas´s cytosol [8]. Selective beta cell necrosis is due to the production of free radicals in the cytosol by the Alloxan [9][10][11]. Therefore, we decide to use Alloxan because it is the most commonly used chemical for diabetes mellitus induction and is a well-known diabetogenic agent widely used to induce Moderate diabetic animals [12].…”