Evidence for a Non-Expanding Universe: Surface Brightness Data From HUDF

Abstract

Surface brightness data can distinguish between a Friedman-Robertson-Walker expanding universe and a non-expanding universe. For surface brightness measured in AB magnitudes per angular area, all FRW models, regardless of cosmological parameters, predict that surface brightness declines with redshift as (z+1)^-3, while any non-expanding model predicts that surface brightness is constant with distance and thus with z. High-z UV surface brightness data for galaxies from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and low-z data from GALEX are used to test the predictions of these two models up to z=6. A preliminary analysis presented here of samples observed at the same at-galaxy wavelengths in the UV shows that surface brightness is constant, mu=kz^0.026+-0.15, consistent with the non-expanding model. This relationship holds if distance is linearly proportional to z at all redshifts, but seems insensitive to the particular choice of d-z relationship. Attempts to reconcile the data with FRW predictions by assuming that high-z galaxies have intrinsically higher surface brightness than low-z galaxies appear to face insurmountable problems. The intrinsic FUV surface brightness required by the FRW models for high-z galaxies exceeds the maximum FUV surface brightness of any low-z galaxy by as much as a factor of 40. Dust absorption appears to make such extremely high intrinsic FUV surface brightness physically impossible. If confirmed by further analysis, the impossibility of such high-surface-brightness galaxies would rule out all FRW expanding universe (big bang) models.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, to be published in the Proceedings of the First Crisis in Cosmology Conference, AIP proceedings series typos correcte

Tests and Problems of the Standard Model in Cosmology

“…This disagreement could, however, be solved by an increase of luminosity at higher redshift due to the evolution of galaxies. For SNIa [97] or GRBs [98], for which it is supposed there is no evolution, the standard model works, provided that an ad hoc dark energy constant is included and we assume zero evolution and negligible extinction or selection effects (which are not universally accepted; [99,100,101] [110] observed that Lubin & Sandage used a very involved evolutionary k-correction scheme, with many adjustable assumptions and parameters to correct observed high-z surface brightness. These evolutionary and K-corrections are subject to uncertainty and cannot be used convincingly.…”

Tests and Problems of the Standard Model in Cosmology

“…Lerner [110] proposed a test of the evolution hypothesis that is also useful in the present case. There is a limit on the ultraviolet surface brightness (UV SB) of a galaxy because, when the surface density of hot bright stars and thus supernovae increases, large amounts of dust are produced to absorb all the UV except that from a thin layer.…”

“…However, their claim, rather than being a Tolman test, was that the evolution of galaxies can explain the difference between the results of the Tolman test and their preferred model, which includes expansion. Lerner [110] observed that Lubin & Sandage used a very involved evolutionary k-correction scheme, with many adjustable assumptions and parameters to correct observed high-z surface brightness. These evolutionary and K-corrections are subject to uncertainty and cannot be used convincingly.…”

“…Based on this principle, there should be a maximum UV(at-rest) SB independent of redshift. This was analysed at high redshift [110,104] and the result is that the intrinsic UV SB magnitude of some galaxies would be prohibitively lower(i.e. much brighter) than 18.5 mag AB /arcsec 2 with the standard model.…”

Non-standard models and the sociology of cosmology

“…The energy derived from the annihilation of protons and electrons would produce a background radiation of X-and γ-rays. In more recent times, some proposers of plasma cosmology (e.g., Brynjolfsson, 2004;Lerner, 2006) have stated that there is no expansion, the Universe is static, and that the redshift of the galaxies would be explained by some kind of tired light effect of the interaction of photons with electrons in the plasma.…”