Tests and Problems of the Standard Model in Cosmology

Abstract

The main foundations of the standard ΛCDM model of cosmology are that: 1) The redshifts of the galaxies are due to the expansion of the Universe plus peculiar motions; 2) The cosmic microwave background radiation and its anisotropies derive from the high energy primordial Universe when matter and radiation became decoupled; 3) The abundance pattern of the light elements is explained in terms of primordial nucleosynthesis; and 4) The formation and evolution of galaxies can be explained only in terms of gravitation within a inflation+dark matter+dark energy scenario. Numerous tests have been carried out on these ideas and, although the standard model works pretty well in fitting many observations, there are also many data that present apparent caveats to be understood with it. In this paper, I offer a review of these tests and problems, as well as some examples of alternative models.Keywords Cosmology · Observational cosmology · Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements · dark matter · dark energy · superclusters and large-scale structure of the Universe PACS 98.80.-k · 98.80.E · 98.80.Ft · 95.35.+d · 95.36.+x · 98.65.Dx Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) 85A40 · 85-03

Static and Dynamic Components of the Redshift

“…This finding is considered by many cosmologist, including López-Corredoira [4] and Orlov and Raikov [5], as inconsistent with other findings, and by Crawford [13], as flawed. Hawkins [14] did not find any time dilation in 878 quasars.…”

“…The status of the expanding universe and steady state theories has been recently reviewed by López-Corredoira [4] and Orlov and Raikov [5]. They concluded that based on the currently available observational data it is not possible to unambiguously identify the preferred approach to cosmology.…”

Weak Lensing Data and Condensed Neutrino Objects

“…Actual Dark Matter particle searches at the "Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire" Large Hadron Collider (CERN LHC) were reviewed by Kahlhoefer [7]. The Standard Cosmological Model which predicts the relative percentage of Dark Matter in the universe was recently critically reviewed in [8]. Reviews of Dark Matter can be found in [9] and [10].…”

“…The geometry for the CNO's center to distances from the center of the galaxies was used for computing the density differences for: (a) the canted Milky Way's center to 8 kilo parsecs out from the center using the law of cosines; (b) the simpler geometry for M31 from the center to 15 kilo parsecs out with no cant angle. The virial velocity contribution from the CNO was determined using Equation (7), where the mass at the location from the center (R 1 ) and the mass at the center (R C ) were computed by integrating our degenerate neutrino density solutions for various potential degenerate neutrino masses with CNO central Fermi momentum boundary conditions from the CNO center in Equation (8) out to these specific (R 1 and R C ) distances 11 .…”

“…Galactic speed constraints from the scientific literature for the Milky Way at 8 and 20 Kilo-parsec (kpc) were used to define the greyed-out area of acceptable Fermi momentum ratio solutions. The virial velocity contribution from the CNO was determined using Equation (7), where the mass at the location from the center (R1) and the mass at the center (RC) were computed by integrating our degenerate neutrino density solutions for various potential degenerate neutrino masses with CNO central Fermi momentum boundary conditions from the CNO center in Equation (8) out to these specific (R1 and RC) distances 11 . Figure 9 provides an example of plots used to identify acceptable local group galactic speed solutions (y-axis) for a CNO (in this case with a degenerate neutrino mass of 0.826907 eV/c 2 ) for various central boundary condition values for the Fermi momentum ratio x(0) =  (x-axis).…”