Evidence for a generate–recognize model of episodic influences on word-stem completion.

Bodner, Glen E.; Masson, Michael E. J.; Caldwell, Judy I.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.2.267

Cited by 30 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…With our speeded IM procedure, we believe we are able to minimize contamination of the IM task with controlled processes and, critically, provide evidence that performance on the speeded IM task truly reflects automatic retrieval only. In contrast, with the PDA, it may be difficult to eliminate contamination with generate/recognize strategies, and it may be difficult to detect this contamination when it does occur (Bodner et al, 2000;Richardson-Klavehn & Gardiner, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, some researchers have questioned the key assumptions underlying the PDA (e.g., Curran & Hintzman, 1995, 1997Joordens & Merikle, 1993;Mecklenbräuker, Wippich, & Mohrhusen, 1996;; RichardsonKlavehn, Gardiner, & Java, 1996; but see Jacoby, 1998;Jacoby, Begg, & Toth, 1997;Jacoby & Shrout, 1997). Concerns have been raised regarding theoretical, methodological, and empirical aspects of PDA (e.g., Bodner, Masson, & Caldwell, 2000;Buchner et al, 1995;de Houwer, 1997;Dodson & Johnson, 1996;Komatsu, Graf, & Uttl, 1995;Richardson-Klavehn & Gardiner, 1998). At least some of these issues have yet to be resolved conclusively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparing techniques for estimating automatic retrieval: Effects of retention interval

Wilson

Horton

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Results from implicit memory (IM) tasks suggest that automatic retrieval remains stable or decreases over time. In contrast, results from the process dissociation approach (PDA) suggest that automatic retrieval may actually increase over time. One explanation for these discrepant results is that performance on IM tasks is contaminated by controlled retrieval strategies,thereby overestimating automatic retrieval, particularly at short retention intervals, when controlled retrieval strategies are high. An alternative explanation is that automatic and controlled retrieval are positively correlated, rather than independent as assumed by the PDA. If so, the PDA would underestimate automatic retrieval, particularly when controlled retrieval strategies are high. Results from a speeded IM task suggest that a standard IM task provided an accurate estimate of automatic retrieval, whereas the PDA underestimated automatic retrieval at a short retention interval. This pattern of underestimation by the PDA supports the conclusion that automatic and controlled retrieval were positively correlated rather than independent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Comparing techniques for estimating automatic retrieval: Effects of retention interval

Wilson

Horton

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…Bodner, Masson, and Caldwell (2000) have shown that for the word-stem completion task, dissociations between estimates of conscious and unconscious influences of memory can be accounted for by a generate-recognize model in which a redundancy relation holds between those two influences (e.g., Joordens & Merikle, 1993). In that model, it is assumed that unconscious influences contribute to the generation of possible completions and conscious influences guide selection among those completions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conscious and unconscious influences of memory for object location

Caldwell

Masson

2001

Memory & Cognition

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“…Tulving and Thomson found that in certain types of paired-associate designs, it was easier to recall a target than to recognize it. A large body of experimentation on the recognition-failure effect then accumulated, and since, with the notable exception of some theories of stem completion (e.g., Bodner, Masson, & Caldwell, 2000;Jacoby, Toth, and Yonelinas, 1993), recognition processes have not figured centrally in recall theories. The present theory, unlike those in the generate/recognize vein, does not merely import recognition into its account of recall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichotomous processes in early memory development, aging, and neurocognitive impairment: A unified theory.

Brainerd¹,

Reyna²,

Howe³

2009

Psychological Review

182

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This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link IN PRESS: Psychological Review AbstractOne of the most extensively investigated topics in the adult memory literature, dual memory processes, has had virtually no impact on the study of early memory development. We remove the key obstacles to such research by formulating a trichotomous theory of recall that combines the traditional dual processes of recollection and familiarity with a reconstruction process. The theory is then embedded in a hidden Markov model that measures all three processes with low-burden tasks that are appropriate for even young children. These techniques are applied to a large corpus of developmental studies of recall, yielding stable findings about the emergence of dual memory processes between childhood and young adulthood and generating tests of many theoretical predictions. The techniques are extended to the study of healthy aging and to the memory sequelae of common forms of cognitive impairment, resulting in a theoretical framework that is unified over four major domains of memory research: early development, mainstream adult research, aging, and cognitive impairment. The techniques are also extended to recognition, creating a unified dual-process framework for recall and recognition.Keywords: memory development, dual memory processes, aging, cognitive impairment, hidden Markov models Trichotomous Processes in Early Memory Development, Aging, and Cognitive Impairment:A Unified Theory This paper has three objectives. The first is to resolve a fundamental problem in memory development research; the second is to apply that solution to a large corpus of developmental studies of recall; and the third is to extend the solution to memory changes that occur during healthy aging and in certain forms of cognitive impairment. The problem in question is the scant impact that dual-process distinctions have had on the study of early (child-to-young-adult) memory development. The result is a dramatic disparity in knowledge about dual memory processes in adults, which is vast, versus knowledge about how those processes first evolve, which is thin and inconsistent. Our solution, as will be seen, is (a) to propose a trichotomous theory of recall that subsumes traditional dual-process distinctions, (b) to implement that theory in a low-burden family of tasks that are appropriate for even very young children, and (c) to show that a new mathematical model of those tasks can be used to measure the development of trichotomous memory processes and to test theoretical predictions about them. Concerning the second objective, we show that an attractive feature of this solution is that a developmental data base exists that can be analyzed with the model, thereby closing the gap in knowledge about early memory development. With respect to the third objective, unlike early development, the study of memory changes during aging and in cognitive impairment have been strong...

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Evidence for a generate–recognize model of episodic influences on word-stem completion.

Cited by 30 publications

References 54 publications

Comparing techniques for estimating automatic retrieval: Effects of retention interval

Comparing techniques for estimating automatic retrieval: Effects of retention interval

Conscious and unconscious influences of memory for object location

Trichotomous processes in early memory development, aging, and neurocognitive impairment: A unified theory.

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