‘Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution’ – a call for action

Holgate, Stephen T.

doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-1-8

Cited by 106 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…SCO 3 shows no significant trends over England/Wales, but significant positive trends over Scotland, which is consistent with previous studies of changes in background tropospheric ozone in other remote regions of north-western Europe. Degradation in air quality in the United Kingdom (UK) is an important public health concern, estimated to result in approximately 40,000 premature deaths per year (Holgate, 2017) and an average reduction in life expectancy of 7-8 months (House of Commons, 2010). Exposure to pollutants such as ozone (O 3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and particulate matter (PM 2.5 & 10 -atmospheric particles with diameters less than 2.5 and 10 μm, respectively) leads to health ailments such as lung disease and cancer, cardiovascular problems, asthma and eye irritation (WHO, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread changes in UK air quality observed from space

Pope

Arnold

Chipperfield

et al. 2018

Atmospheric Science Letters

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Previous studies have used surface observations of pollutants (e.g., nitrogen dioxide [NO 2 ] and aerosols) to evaluate improvements in United Kingdom (UK) air quality over recent decades. However, surface monitoring networks provide limited spatial coverage and are not always representative of air quality over a wider region. Satellite observations, such as tropospheric column NO 2 (TCNO 2 ), aerosol optical depth (AOD) and sub-column (0-6 km) ozone (SCO 3 ), provide widespread monitoring of air quality on a national scale. In this study, we use such observations to analyse trends in UK air quality, between 2005 and 2015, finding significant decreases in TCNO 2 and AOD over UK pollution hotspots. The largest changes in short-lived NO 2 are located over populated (i.e., source) regions, associated with large emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ). AOD changes are more spread out, and less strongly associated with source regions, due to a longer aerosol lifetime, secondary aerosol formation and non-urban aerosol sources. SCO 3 shows no significant trends over England/Wales, but significant positive trends over Scotland, which is consistent with previous studies of changes in background tropospheric ozone in other remote regions of north-western Europe. K E Y W O R D Sair quality, earth observation, tropospheric column NO 2

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread changes in UK air quality observed from space

Pope

Arnold

Chipperfield

et al. 2018

Atmospheric Science Letters

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“…In 2016, I had the opportunity of chairing a Royal College of Physicians (RCP) Working Party-Every Breath We Take: The Lifelong Impact of Air Pollution. 3 Put simply, there are 36-40 000 premature deaths a year in the UK linked to air pollution; 2091 schools, nurseries, further education centres and after-school clubs within 150 m of a road with illegal levels of nitrogen dioxide; and 11 million cars worldwide designed to cheat air pollution tests all costing the UK economy £20 billion pa. However, unlike tobacco, the health professions have yet to take ownership of the problem.…”

Section: Air Pollution In Our Changing Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Letter from the UK (if we still exist after recent events!)

Holgate

2019

Respirology

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“…Dirty air has been linked to cancer, asthma, stroke and heart disease, among other health issues. In UK, roughly 40,000 deaths each year can be attributable to outdoor air pollution [6,7]. Curbing vehicle emissions has become an increasingly important task in urban environment.…”

Section: Environmental Pollution In Urban Transportation Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the electrochemical gas sensors, most of them are potentiometric type, which requires very simple equipment setting including an Ion Selective Electrode (ISE), a reference electrode (usually Ag/AgCl or saturated calomel electrode), and a potential-measuring device (a pH/millivolt meter that can read 0.2 mV resolution or better) (7). Electrochemical gas sensors usually exhibit a wide linear detection range (covering 4 orders of magnitude), are not affected by turbidity, are very flexible and very reliable in detecting different gas species, and are very simple and inexpensive.…”

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confidence: 99%

Essential Tasks to Reduce Environmental Pollution in Urban Transportation Networks

Qiao¹,

Li²,

Yu³

2017

Environ Pollut Climate Change

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Environmental pollution in Urban Transportation NetworksIn the past decades, extensive research efforts have been made in the area of urban environment striving to improve the urban air quality and address the challenges emerged from public health and the preservation of the entire ecological system. Transportation-related emissions are the dominant source of urban air pollution, and the second largest source of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in the United States, which emitted approximately 27 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2015 (Figure 1). Transportation has also been the fastest-growing source of GHG emissions. From the pre-industrial era (i.e., ending about 1750) to 2015, concentrations of the greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O) have increased globally by 44 percent, 162 percent, and 21 percent, respectively [1].The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions primarily come from burning fossil fuel for all modes of transportation (vehicles, ships, trains, and planes) [2]. Petroleum based fuel took over 90 percent for transportation, including gasoline and diesel fuels. Most of the transportation related GHG emissions are carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions resulting from the combustion of petroleum-based fuels. More than 50 percent of transportation related GHG emissions are from passenger vehicles, lightduty trucks, sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks, and minivans. Other portions of GHG emissions are from heavy-duty trucks, commercial aircraft, ships, boats, trains, pipelines, and lubricants.In addition to GHG emissions, transposition also makes contributions to important air pollutants (68.4 percent CO, 60 percent VOCs, 49.1 percent NO x , 5.5 percent particulates and 1.3 percent SO 2 ) [3][4][5]. Moreover, NO x is not only a primary air pollutant, but also accounted for the production of free radicals in troposphere, which can promptly react with VOCs and lead to a large variety of secondary air pollutants that could be much more hazardous to the public health than the primary air pollutants in urban environments [3][4][5]. Dirty air has been linked to cancer, asthma, stroke and heart disease, among other health issues. In UK, roughly 40,000 deaths each year can be attributable to outdoor air pollution [6,7]. Curbing vehicle emissions has become an increasingly important task in urban environment. Monitoring and Strategies to Reduce Transportation EmissionsIn response to these challenges, a range of emerging technologies are adopted to reduce transportation-related emissions on urban roadway networks. Existing traffic monitoring networks enable adaptive traffic AbstractThis article reviewed the impacts of vehicle emissions in urban transportation network, the existing strategies to reduce such transportation emissions, the complexity of urban transportation environment network, and the development of vehicle emission models. The vanguard research needs are also proposed in developing emission and air quality models and simulation, and emission-oriented transportation management strat...

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‘Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution’ – a call for action

Cited by 106 publications

References 22 publications

Widespread changes in UK air quality observed from space

Widespread changes in UK air quality observed from space

Letter from the UK (if we still exist after recent events!)

Essential Tasks to Reduce Environmental Pollution in Urban Transportation Networks

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