Evaluation the Growth Performance of Egyptian Garlic Landraces and In vitro Synseeds of Bulblets Formation

Abstract

Egyptian garlic cultivars suffered degenerations; lower bulb yield and smaller size of bulbs which represent a crucial problem. A survey of some Egyptian landraces to detect there genetic diversity is considered in this study. In addition, developing of simple method for bulblets regeneration and synthetic seed formation to decrease amount of clove seeds. Fourteen vegetative growth and bulb characteristics for 27 Egyptian garlic landraces were measured during two growing season to determine the phenotypic variations under condition of New Borg El-Arab, Egypt. An in vitro study was, also, carried out to determine the direct shoot induction and bulblets formation for six selected landraces and under three media protocol. The results of the field experiment revealed that, Significant differences among all studied local cultivars and ecotypes of Egyptian garlic were observed for vegetative growth, bulb and total yield characteristics. Among the studied varieties of Egyptian landraces, Borg El-Arab landrace was superior in vegetative growth as plant height (cm), leaves no./ plant, leaf length (cm), leaf width (mm), plant fresh weight (g) and foliage fresh weight (g). While, quality characters were associated with purple bulbs landraces like Egaseed and Sids-40-Ayat. Bulb dry matter percentage ranged from 36.6 to 45.68 % and from 35.07 to 44.89 % however, average cloves number per bulb was ranged from 9.33 to 40.00 and from 3.55 to 32.71 in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. The results for the invitro experiment revealed that efficient and simple method of bulblets regeneration and improving multiplication rate were developed for six selected landraces using three different media. Garlic explants (cultured on MS media) were supplemented with 6 % sucrose and 2 mg/l JA (T-3); produced significant higher mean values for numbers of bulblets /clove (12.61) and higher insignificant mean values for numbers of shoots and bulblets /explant, bulblets formation % and numbers of bulblets per clove compared with control treatment (T-1). Control treatment (T-1) produced the highest significant average bulblet weight (259.72 mg). "Salaqus-3" landrace was superior and gave the highest significant mean values for number of shoots per explant and bulblets per clove compared with other landraces. "Clone-21" produced the highest bulblet weight (232.94 mg). Synthetic seeds for six garlic landraces formed by immersing bulblets in gel matrix (3% sodium alginate solution), and exposure to calcium chloride solution (2.5 %) were germinated successfully in unsterilized soil mixture consisted of peatmoss, sand and soil (1:1:1). Conclusion: Egyptian garlic landraces showed great variability and a promising in vitro performance for plant regeneration and bulblets formation. This finding could be used as alternative propagation method, cultivars rejuvenation and germplasm conversation management along with capsulation technology.

Production of Synthetic Seeds in Vegetable Crops: A Review

“…A solution of 3% sodium alginate and 1.1% calcium chloride was used to make the best seeds. Hegazy et al, [64] used six garlic landraces' synthetic seeds and they were successfully germinated by immersing bulblets in a gel matrix (3% sodium alginate solution) and exposing them to a calcium chloride solution (2.5 percent) (1:1:1). They concluded that Egyptian garlic landraces exhibited a high degree of diversity and a promising in vitro regeneration and bulblet formation capability.…”