Evaluation of Water Scarcity in Selected Countries of the Middle East

Procházka, Petr; Hönig, Vladimír; Maitah, Mansoor; Pljučarská, Ivana; Kleindienst, Jakub

doi:10.3390/w10101482

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Droughts cause drying up of surface and subsurface water bodies and make a vast population of the country under water stress (Shahi, 2019). The drought of 1999-2001 caused 20 million people under severe water storage (Procházka et al, 2018). An increasing population of insects and pests has been reported during droughts which cause the outbreak of diseases (Hosseini et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial assessment of meteorological drought features over different climate regions in Iran

Sharafati

Nabaei

Shahid

2019

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Iran has a predominantly arid and semi‐arid climate where the drought hazards and their variability are the crucial concerns for water resources management. This study assesses the characteristics and trends of meteorological droughts features in different climate regions of Iran. Monthly rainfall data are analysed using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to reconstruct meteorological droughts for different time steps (1, 3, 6, 9 and 12). The drought events are decomposed into three features, namely Severity (S), Duration (D) and Peak (P) to assess their spatial variations in different climate regions. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test is used to detect the trends in drought features in different climate regions. The percentage area (PA) of increasing/decreasing trend in drought features is computed to assess the spatial variations of trends in each region. Besides, SPI is compared with Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to understand the importance of evapotranspiration on meteorological droughts. The high correlations between SPI and SPEI indicate that the results obtained using SPI would not vary if a similar analysis is conducted using SPEI. The results obtained using SPI reveal that short‐duration droughts (6 months or less) are more frequent and severe in the northwest and the north along the Caspian plains while the longer‐duration droughts (more than 6 months) are more frequent and severe in the south, southeast and southwest. Overall, the northwest region of Iran is found most susceptible to droughts in terms of S, P and D. Moderate (40% < PA < 60%) or significant (PA > 60%) increase in the drought features are observed in all climate regions for shorter SPI (3 months or less) except northwest, while no drought feature is found to increase significantly for SPI‐12. Overall, the higher increase in drought S, P and D are found in the central arid region and at higher altitudes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial assessment of meteorological drought features over different climate regions in Iran

Sharafati

Nabaei

Shahid

2019

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…With regard to agriculture policy, state policies in supporting agriculture entrepreneur education and innovation can pave the way for increased exports through its increased value addition [54][55][56], and higher market share value [57]. Furthermore, improved technology can enable increased water capacity, which is a catalyst for healthy, arable, and pastoral growth, making it possible for nations to export agriculture products which are of international standards [56,58].…”

Section: Empirical Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Durability of Zambia’s Agricultural Exports

et al. 2021

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This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambia with specific attention to maize, sugar, cotton, and tobacco between 1996 and 2019. We find that approximately 39% of Zambia’s agricultural products were exported beyond the first year of trading and less than 10% lasted up to 6 years of trading. The mean and median duration of exporting agricultural products in Zambia was 1.7 years and 1 year, respectively. Among the products, maize had the highest export duration after the first year of trading, followed by sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Results of the discrete-time logit and probit models with random effects revealed that the duration of total agricultural products was significantly impacted by common colony, contiguity, partner’s gross domestic product (GDP), Zambia’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports. Of these factors, colonial history and Zambia’s GDP reduced export duration, while contiguity, partner’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports increased the durability of exports in Zambia. The effect of Zambia’s GDP was uniform across all individual agricultural products. Total exports also significantly impacted all other agriculture products in a similar manner except for maize. Export durability for cotton was significantly impacted by the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), while the export durability of tobacco was significantly impacted by distance, contiguity, and partner’s GDP. To increase the duration of agriculture exports, we propose the exporting of finished agriculture products (and not just raw materials), which have a higher market value and duration probability. Farmers also need support with export subsidies, increased foreign market access (especially to economies with higher buying power), and negotiated favorable trade terms in the region and around the globe.

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“…This enables evaluating the water resources vulnerability and scarcity of this region. For instance, [38] evaluated water scarcity in the Middle East using the WASP-Index. Concerning the wet events, it is shown a decrease in the intensity, duration, and frequency of occurrence of the 12m-WASP intermediate-to-severe wet events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change Projections of Dry and Wet Events in Iberia Based on the WASP-Index

Andrade¹,

Contente²,

Santos³

2021

Preprint

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The WASP-Index is computed over Iberia for three monthly timescales in 1961-2020, based on an observational gridded precipitation dataset (E-OBS), and in 2021-2070, based on bias-corrected precipitation generated by a six-member climate model ensemble from EURO-CORDEX, under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The WASP performance in identifying extremely dry or wet events, reported by the EM-DAT disaster database, is assessed for 1961–2020. An overall good agreement between the WASP spatial patterns and the EM-DAT records is found. The areolar mean values revealed an upward trend in the frequency of occurrence of intermediate-to-severe dry events over Iberia, which will be strengthened in the future, particularly for the 12m-WASP intermediate dry events under RCP8.5. Besides, the number of 3m-WASP intermediate-to-severe wet events is projected to increase, mostly the severest events under RCP4.5, but no evidence was found for an increase in the number of more persistent (12m-WASP) wet events under both RCPs. Despite important spatial heterogeneities, an increase(decrease) of the intensity, duration, and frequency of occurrence of the 12m-WASP intermediate-to-severe dry(wet) events is found under both scenarios, mainly in the southernmost regions of Iberia, thus becoming more exposed to prolonged and severe droughts in the future, corroborating the results from previous studies.

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Evaluation of Water Scarcity in Selected Countries of the Middle East

Cited by 40 publications

References 29 publications

Spatial assessment of meteorological drought features over different climate regions in Iran

Spatial assessment of meteorological drought features over different climate regions in Iran

Durability of Zambia’s Agricultural Exports

Climate Change Projections of Dry and Wet Events in Iberia Based on the WASP-Index

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