Evaluation of two- and three-dimensional visualization for endoscopic endonasal surgery using a novel stereoendoscopic system in a novice: a comparison on a dry laboratory model

Abstract

We demonstrated the advantage of 3-D visualization over 2-D visualization for inexperienced subjects. Further quantitative clinical studies are required to confirm whether stereoendoscopy actually provides benefits in clinical settings.

The effect of three‐dimensional visualisation on performance in endoscopic sinus surgery: A clinical training study using surgical navigation for movement analysis in a randomised crossover design

“…In recent past, various studies with a design similar to the present study assessed the influence of 3D endoscopy on EES performance. 11,14,17,18,22,40 A number of these studies report improved performance with the use of 3D endoscopy, in contrast with results of the present study. These differing results can be explained by differences in study setup.…”

“…The subjective superiority of 3D endoscopy in EES has been widely reported by both clinical and laboratory studies and is confirmed by the subjective results of the present study . The present study showed significantly better rating of depth perception, discriminatory power and the value in performing delicate procedures using the 3D HD endoscope.…”

“…It should be noted that the results of our study should only be framed in the context of ESS, since key aspects of skull base surgery were not included in our study design. In general, prior studies assessed performance in simplified surgical environments, such as box trainers and dry anatomical models, and mostly used low complexity pointing tasks . In more complex surgical environments, endoscopic surgery tasks require active manoeuvring through a complex visual environment.…”

“…During neurosurgical procedures in clinical studies, no significant differences in procedure duration or tumour resection were found, while depth perception, spatial orientation, identification of anatomical relations and critical structures subjectively improved with the use of 3D endoscopy . In a laboratory setting, 3D endoscopy decreased the time to task completion in both laparoscopic and neurosurgery procedures . Both expert and novice endoscopic surgeons benefit from 3D visualisation, although various studies suggest a specific benefit for inexperienced surgeons .…”

“…15 In a laboratory setting, 3D endoscopy decreased the time to task completion in both laparoscopic and neurosurgery procedures. 11,12,14,[17][18][19][20][21][22] Both expert and novice endoscopic surgeons benefit from 3D visualisation, 15 although various studies suggest a specific benefit for inexperienced surgeons. 12,14,23 This can be explained by experienced surgeons already having acquired the ability to effectively translate 2D visual information to 3D perception of the surgical field, thereby reducing the additional value of 3D endoscopy.…”