Evaluation of the relationship of sodium in drinking water and toxemia of pregnancy.

Abstract

This study is a retrospective case comparison analysis of the relationship of water-borne Na+ and toxemia of pregnancy as a part of a continuous investigation at our facility on the role of various water constituents in human chronic disease. Five hundred thirty-seven toxemic pregnant women delivered at Jefferson Davis Hospital, Houston, Texas, during 1976 were matched by age, race, obstetrical history, and month of delivery to 537 non-toxemic controls. Sodium concentration in each patient's drinking water was derived, based on her address, from earlier pre-

Drinking water salinity and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Three studies 7,20,32 reported the association between high water sodium and hypertension, and all were conducted in pregnant women. Because of the small number of studies and because Khan et al.…”

“…and three studies were in females only (pregnant women) 7,20,32 . Only two studies 7,20 were conducted in developing country settings, both in coastal Bangladesh.…”

“…Three of the studies reported a water sodium level below 150 mg/L 12, 13, 31 . Six studies were conducted in children 12,13,14,15,19,30 in school settings, one study was hospital-based 32 and three studies were conducted in the community 7,20,31 (Table 1). Eight studies 12,13,14,15,19,20,30,31 reported SBP and DBP level between high and low water sodium groups.…”

“…Eight studies 12,13,14,15,19,20,30,31 reported SBP and DBP level between high and low water sodium groups. Three studies reported odds of risk of hypertension among the exposed group 7,20,32 .…”

“…Eight studies 7,13,14,15,19,20,30,32 assessed sodium exposure at the individual level (Table 2). Across the studies different techniques were used to measure average sodium intake either alone or in combination including: 24-hour urinary sodium excretion only (n=3), dietary history only (n=1), dietary record and urinary sodium (24-hour/overnight/spot) (n=4).…”