Effects of drinking water and total sodium intake on blood pressure

Faust, Halley S.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/35.6.1459

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This was raised originally in relation to hypertension in both children and adults, although it was thought to be unlikely, even in areas where a higher sodium content of drinking water was observed [21][22][23]. Subjects with AF can be extremely sensitive to the effects of pressor substances or electrolytes, which was the basis of the successful use of sea water (albeit with a considerably higher sodium content) to reduce orthostatic hypotension in one such subject [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemodynamics of the pressor effect of oral water in human sympathetic denervation due to autonomic failure

CARIGA¹

2001

Clinical Science

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Oral water ingestion increases blood pressure in normal elderly subjects and in patients suffering from autonomic failure, but the time course of the haemodynamic changes is not known. We therefore studied 14 subjects with documented sympathetic denervation due to pure autonomic failure, with continuous haemodynamic recordings obtained before and after ingestion of 500 ml of distilled water at room temperature. The time course of changes in values of systolic and diastolic beat-by-beat finger blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction and total peripheral resistance were analysed. Systolic blood pressure rose from 115+/-8 mmHg (mean+/-S.E.M.) to 133+/-8 mmHg (P<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure from 64+/-4 to 73+/-4 mmHg (P<0.001), with the pressor response beginning a few minutes after water ingestion, plateauing between 10 and 35 min (peak at 14 min), and returning to baseline at 50 min. Heart rate fell from 71+/-2.5 to 67+/-2 beats/min (P<0.001), and total peripheral resistance increased from 1.31+/-0.19 to 1.61+/-0.24 m-units (P<0.001). There were no significant changes in ejection fraction, stroke volume or cardiac output. This study confirmed a pressor response to oral water in subjects with sympathetic denervation. The temporal profile of the response did not favour reflexly mediated sympathetic activation. As subjects with autonomic failure are prone to salt and water depletion, and since blood pressure is exquisitely sensitive to such changes, it may be that the observed response is due to repletion or restoration of intravascular and extravascular fluid volume.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemodynamics of the pressor effect of oral water in human sympathetic denervation due to autonomic failure

CARIGA¹

2001

Clinical Science

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“…Nine of the urinary sodium studies, reported in 7 papers and ranging in sample size from 72 to 322, did not control for other factors [14 -20]. Six of the 9 studies (reported in 5 papers) found no significant associations between urinary sodium and BP [6,14,15,17,18], whereas the other 3 found significant positive associations between urinary sodium and either SBP [16,19] or mean BP [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet and blood pressure in children and adolescents

Simons‐Morton

Obarzanek

1997

Pediatric Nephrology

113

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Identifying dietary factors associated with blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents would help guide recommendations for prevention of elevated BP, which is a major public health problem. This paper reviews 46 reports of studies examining relationships between dietary nutrients and BP in children and adolescents, many of which studied more than one nutrient. Sodium is the most extensively studied nutrient, with 25 observational and 12 intervention studies identified. Although many studies suffer from methodological problems, the results suggest that higher sodium intake is related to higher BP in children and adolescents. The results of 13 observational and 2 intervention studies of potassium and BP do not provide a clear picture of a relationship. The results of 8 observational and 1 intervention study of calcium and BP are inconclusive. Five observational studies of magnesium and BP provide evidence of an inverse relationship, but no intervention studies were identified. Nine studies of macronutrients and food groups or dietary patterns are inconclusive. Additional research is needed to provide more information about the relationships between dietary nutrients and BP in children and adolescents. Recommendations are provided for methodological features of additional research on diet and BP in children and adolescents.

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“…Similarly, with the use of overnight rather than spot urine collections to characterize sodium intake, six*" 43 …”

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confidence: 99%

Observational studies of salt and blood pressure.

Elliott

1991

Hypertension

112

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The observational data relating salt and blood pressure (excluding ENTERS ALT) are reviewed. Important methodological difficulties and biases are inherent to both across-and withinpopulation studies and confuse their interpretation. Across-population studies are positive but rely on data drawn from the international literature based on a variety of unstandardized field methods; they are prone to unmeasured (ecological) confounding. Within-popnlation studies generally lack statistical power and are subject to major regression-dilution bias (because of considerable day-to-day variation in sodium intake), which could conceal true correlations between sodium and blood pressure. Nevertheless, an overview of reported studies that used 24-hour urine excretion to quantify intake shows positive and highly significant correlations between sodium and blood pressure for both men and women and for systolic and diastolic blood pressures. These results are consistent with the ENTERS ALT findings and those from trials of sodium restriction. comes from a variety of sources: animal and clinical studies, trials of sodium restriction and supplementation, and epidemiological studies, both across and within populations. In reviewing the observational evidence, my objectives were, first, to discuss some of the complex methodological issues that have confused much of the research in this area, and second, to briefly summarize the contribution of this large body of work to our understanding of the epidemiology of salt and BP. I have excluded consideration of the INTERSALT findings, which are discussed elsewhere in this issue.1 -2 Across-Population StudiesA positive across-population association between salt and BP was first described by Dahl in I960, 3 who found, over five population groups, a remarkable straight-line relation between the average sodium intake of a population and the prevalence of hypertension. Dahl also noted that hypertension was uncommon in populations whose members consumed less than 4 or 5 g salt/day (i.e., about 70-80 mmol sodium) and hypothesized that salt intake increased the probability of elevated BP in a group although not necessarily in an individual.

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Effects of drinking water and total sodium intake on blood pressure

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Haemodynamics of the pressor effect of oral water in human sympathetic denervation due to autonomic failure

Haemodynamics of the pressor effect of oral water in human sympathetic denervation due to autonomic failure

Diet and blood pressure in children and adolescents

Observational studies of salt and blood pressure.

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