Evaluation of the Relationship between Drink Intake and Periodontitis Using KoGES Data

Abstract

It was hypothesized that periodontal diseases could be influenced by nutrition and food types. However, the role of nutritional factors in the risk of periodontal disease has not been clearly elucidated. This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between coffee, green tea, or soft drink intake and periodontitis. This prospective cohort study used epidemiological data from 2004 to 2016 from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Among 173,209 participants, 9,933 with periodontitis and 124,922 controls were selected. The frequency histories of coffee/green tea/soft drink intake among the participants were analyzed, and intake was categorized as no drink, mild drink (one time a month through six times a week), and heavy drink (one or more times a day). Variable factors were adjusted using logistic regression analysis (adjusted model). The chi-square test and independent t -test were used for statistical analysis. Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for coffee or green tea intake and periodontitis were not statistically significant. The aOR was 1.16 (95% confidence interval CI = 1.11 –1.21, P < 0.001 ) for mild soft drink intake and 1.02 ( 95 % CI = 0.96 –1.09, P = 0.518 ) for heavy soft drink intake. Subgroup analysis showed that mild soft drink intake was significant across all groups ( P < 0.05 ), whereas coffee and green tea intakes were not significant in any subgroup. Overall, the study elucidated an association between mild soft drink intake and periodontitis.

The contradictory effects of coffee intake on periodontal health: a systematic review

“…One study used data from dental longitudinal studies, one study used data from Genome and Epidemiology Study, one used general population, and one other study selected chronic periodontitis patients who had received initial treatment as the participants of the study. All of the human studies used questionnaire to assess the dose of daily coffee consumption (all six studies), [8][9][10][11][12][13] one study also used Cornell Medical Index (CMI) to gain coffee consumption in addition to questionnaire. 9 Two studies admitted that validity and reliability test of the questionnaire were not performed sufficiently, therefore, further research is required.…”

“…13 Aside from periodontal health, caries measurement using DMFT index was also performed. 13 In terms of bias, some studies also observed several confounding factors, such as Body Mass Index (BMI) 9,11,13 and other nutritional intake, 11 smoking and alcohol habit, 9,[11][12][13] medical history such as diabetes, 8,9,12,13 cholesterol level 8 and coronary heart diseases, 12,13 blood sample analysis, 8 and other socio-demographic factors. 10,12…”

“…Half of the included studies used cross-sectional study design, three studies were randomized controlled trial, one study used cohort study design, and another one used quasi-experimental study design. This review including studies with various subject, six studies observing the effect of coffee intake on human, [8][9][10][11][12][13] three studies exploring the cellular changes using rats as the subject, [14][15][16] and one in vitro study observing the coffee effect using UMR106-01 rat osteoblast-like cells. 17 The summary of the included study were tabulated based on the results, whether coffee intake have positive (Table 1) or negative effect (Table 2) on periodontal health.…”

“…16 However, Hong et al (2021) revealed that there is no significant association between coffee intakes and periodontitis as the adjusted ratio were not statistically significant. 11 The drawbacks of coffee consumption on periodontal health…”

The association between coffee consumption and periodontitis: a cross-sectional study of a northern German population

“…Chlorogenic acid from coffee demonstrated a direct inhibitory effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen key-player of periodontitis [16] and can indirectly affect the bioavailability of other nutrients and thereby modulate periodontal disease prevalence [18]. A few studies suggest an association between coffee intake and periodontitis [19][20][21][22][23]. The US Department of Veterans Affairs Dental Study included 1,231 participants and reported no harmful but rather a beneficial effect of coffee on periodontal health [22].…”